1. The Frontier Wars By the end of this section, you should be able to: –Explain why American Leaders and Native American Leaders agreed that Indians should move to reservations –Identify the importance of the Red River War. –Describe how the Frontier Wars affected the Texas Indians

2. The Frontier Wars When did conflict between Native Americans and European settlers start? In Texas, Mirabeau Lamar finished driving the Indians, mainly Cherokee, out of east Texas. In this section, we will talk about conflicts against the Plains Indians in the west. What kept Texans from defending their Frontier between 1861 and 1865?

3. Soldiers defending Texas After the Civil War, the U.S. sent troops to Texas to fight the Native Americans. At first, these soldiers stayed in forts, around 1867. Why do you think this was ineffective (useless) against Plains Indians? The two sides, after some fighting, signed the Medicine Lodge Treaty.

4. Soldiers Defending Texas The Medicine Lodge Treaty said that: –All Indians were to move to Oklahoma Reservations –In exchange, Americans would give them food and supplies. –Which Indian groups do you think opposed the treaty? –Quakers were sent to reservations, but Indians did not trust ANY whites.

5. Reservation Policy Because the Reservation system was not entirely sucessful (Comanches and Kiowas), Texans called for aid against these Indians in Central and West Texas. 1871 – President Grant sent General Sherman (Civil War role) to defend against the Indians. Indians massacred a wagon train at Salt Creek, which became known as the “Salt Creek Massacre”. This led to a change in policy of the army from defense to attack.

6. Fighting in the Panhandle United States soldiers were becoming better equipped and organized. Native Americans were still able to elude (escape) soldiers. How do you think they did this? The U.S. Army responded by attacking Indian Villages. What did this accomplish?

7. Fighting in the Panhandle The U.S. also tried a new strategy that was a “success”. What was it? How did this eliminate the Plains Indian way of life?

8. Red River War In June of 1874, Indian Leaders named Quanah Parker (son of a captured white woman and an Indian man) and Lone Wolf attacked American hunters at a place called Adobe Walls. The hunters held out until reinforcements arrived. This began the Red River War.

9. Red River War Texas Rangers joined with the U.S. Army for the “War”. The Rangers became known as the “Frontier Battalion”. In Palo Duro Canyon, the Army and Rangers captured all of the Indians horses and winter food supply.

10. Red River War The Army ordered over 1,000 horses killed. Without these horses, the Army was able to chase down most of the Indians. The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon was the last stand of the southern Plains Indians. Indian resistance ended in early 1875.

11. Southern Frontier Wars in Texas Rio Grande Campaign –Apaches were ordered to a reservation in 1877. Conditions there were poor. –Victorio, an Apache leader led several hundred off the reservation into Mexico. –Mexican Troops chased him, and killed him and most of his warriors.

12. Buffalo Soldiers Some of the troops chasing the Apaches were entirely African American, except for their officers. Indians called them “Buffalo Soldiers” out of respect. These all-Black units were greatly feared and respected by the Indians they fought.

13. Outlaws Even after the Indians were defeated, the Texas Frontier was not a safe place. –Outlaws stole cattle and robbed stagecoaches. –Ranchers fought each other for land. –Mexican Bandits raided south Texas. –Texas Rangers worked tirelessly to catch bandits and end conflicts.

14. The wars end By January of 1881, Indian warfare in Texas was over after 300 years of fighting. As many, if not more Indians died of diseases such as smallpox and cholera as they did by U.S. soldiers. Indians lost their traditional way of life on reservations, or died fighting.

15. A New Texas Defeating the Indians opened up huge pieces of land for agricultural use. –Huge cattle drives and ranches were created. –Railroads could now be built across Texas. –Settlers now built churches, schools, and homes across all of Texas. –The Frontier in Texas now ceased to exist.