1. Texas FRONTIER

2. Frontier 1861 – Most Natives removed from east Texas
West Texas still held
Federal troops withdrawn at secession
Settlements attacked – left unprotected
Many settlers move east; easy targets to raids

3. Unrest Army returns to Texas after Civil War Raids hard to stop
Few troops in Texas forts; many miles apart
Forts short of supplies; delay of campaigns against Natives
Soldiers weapons not as effective as bow and arrow

5. EFFORTS FOR PEACE Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek
1867 – U.S. government met with Native Americans in Kansas
3 treaties signed – 1.Kiowa and Comanche 2. Arapaho and Cheyenne 3. Plains Apache
Natives not hinder railroad construction
Natives give up claims to Plains lands
Natives move to reservations in Oklahoma (Indian Territory)

8. Failures Conflict continued Treaty failed – neither side committed
Reservations – controlled by U.S. agents
Supposed to provide food, money and supplies
Agents corrupt – sold or stole from supplies
New approach sought by President Grant

9. New policy Grant puts church in charge – Quakers
Believed in pacifism – non-violence
Lawrie Tatum, a Quaker – federal agent in Indian Territory for the Kiowa and Comanche
Taught Natives to farm

10. opposition Many Native leaders did not agree to treaty
Example: Kiowa band led by Lone Wolf did not feel bound to treaty – he did not sign it
Quanah Parker – Comanche leader
Refused to move to reservation
Resisted Anglo settlement
Satanta – signed treaty but didn’t live on reservation
Opposed westward expansion
Known as Orator of the Plains

11. Treaty failed Neither side lives up to treaty
Many raid settlements outside protection of U.S. forts
U.S. government did little to support Natives
Reservations raided by soldiers
Supplies not delivered
Hunger, disease
Peace gave way to conflict