Cells Anatomy & Physiology

Cells vary in SIZE and STRUCTURE Depends on what they do

Cell Membrane is selectively permeable All Animal Cells have Nucleus Cytoplasm (cytosol) Cell Membrane Cell Membrane is selectively permeable

Lipid bilayer (phospholipids) make up the membrane with proteins embedded to help regulate what comes across the membrane

ORGANELLES-  "little organs" within the cell that perform specific functions The nucleus is to the cell what the __________is to a person. The cell membrane is to a cell what the ________ is to a person. Image:  http://www.chemistrypictures.org

Transport system; canals and channels that connect membrane to nucleus and to organelles within the cell Smooth ER (lipid synthesis) Rough ER (contains ribosomes for protein manufacture)

Flattened membranes; function to package and deliver proteins produced by the ribosomes Proteins are exported in vesicles

The “powerhouse” of the cell Chemical energy from food is converted to a useable form (ATP) • process is called Cellular Respiration The “powerhouse” of the cell CRISTAE

Lysosomes - contain digestive enzymes to break down substances Centrosome – forms a spindle during cell division Vesicles – packaged substances, exported Microfilaments and Microtubules - cell skeleton (cytoskeleton), maintains shape and functions in movement Cilia & Flagella

Directs cell activities (the “brain” of the cell) Contains genetic information (DNA) in the form of chromatin Also contains a nucleolus – makes ribosomes Has tiny pores where RNA can exit the nucleus

Diffusion - molecules tend to spread out Facilitated Diffusion Diffusion Animation

Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic SALT SUCKS

Osmosis Animation

Filtration Active Transport Exocytosis Endocytosis (phagocytosis & pinocytosis)

Mitosis = nuclear division Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis (cell division) The steps of mitosis ensure that each new cell has the exact same number of chromosomes as the original Interphase = growth phase, differentiation occurs

Interphase • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase IPMAT

1. chromosomes visible (chromatids) 2. centrioles migrate to the poles 3. nuclear membrane disappears 4. nucleolus disappears 5. spindle forms

1. chromosomes line up on the equator, spindle attaches

1. chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

1. chromosomes disappear • chromatin 2. nuclear membrane reforms 3. nucleoli reappears 4. spindle disappears 5. centrioles duplicate

- division of the cytoplasm to form 2 new daughter cells - organelles are divided - daughter cells are genetically identical Cells return to interphase