1. Chapter 3
Cells

2. Cells
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all living things
Cell or plasma membrane
Nucleus

3. Nucleus Most important organelle within the cell Function
Control the activities of the cell and facilitate cell division
DNA and chromatin
Chromosomes

4. Functions of Organelles
Nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope
Regulates transport of substances into and out of the cell
Nucleoplasm
A clear, semi-liquid medium that fills the spaces around the chromatin and the nucleoli

5. Functions of Organelles
Nucleolus
Reservoir for RNA
Ribosomes
Serve as site for protein synthesis

6. Functions of Organelles
Cytoplasm
Provides an organized watery environment where life functions take place via the activities of the organelles, which reside there
Centrosome
Contains two centrioles that are functional during animal cell division

7. Functions of Organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum
Provides passage for the transport of substances in the cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Serve as sites of cellular respiration and energy production
Store ATP

8. Functions of Organelles
Golgi apparatus
Manufactures carbohydrates and packages secretions for discharge from the cell
Lysosomes
Serve as center for cellular digestion

9. Functions of Organelles
Perioxisomes
Enzymes that oxidize cell substances
Cytoskeleton
Forms internal framework

10. Functions of Organelles
Pinocytic vesicles
Provide mechanism by which large molecules can enter the cell
Cilia and flagella
Create movement

11. Cellular Metabolism Chemical reactions occur within the cells
Energy supplied by ATP
ATP created from CHO, proteins, and fats that we eat

12. Cell Division Meiosis Mitosis Involves reproduction
Involves growth and maintenance of cells

13. Meiosis Process of cell division of the sex cell or gamete
Ovum and spermatozoa reduce chromosomes from 46 to 23
Fertilization
Zygote is formed from two sex cells to obtain full set of 46 chromosomes

14. Mitosis Cell division Division of the nucleus
Division of the cytoplasm

15. Mitosis Stages Phase I Phase II Phase III Interphase (resting stage)
Prophase
Phase III
Metaphase

16. Mitosis Stages Phase IV Phase V Cycle back to interphase Anaphase
Telophase
Cycle back to interphase

17. Cell Death
Necrosis
Apoptosis

18. Stem Cells Embryonic stem cells Adult stem cells
Umbilical cord blood stem cells
Induced pluripotent stem cells

19. Protein Synthesis
Cells produce proteins
DNA
RNA

20. Movement of Materials Across Cell Membranes
Passive transport
Does not require an energy source
Active transport
Requires an energy source

21. Passive Transport
Diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration

22. Active Transport
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis

23. Active Transport
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24. Specialization Nerve cells Red blood cells
Specialize in response
Red blood cells
Specialize in oxygen transport
May lose some functions, such as reproduction
Interdependence among cells

25. Aging Aging is a phase of normal development
Older person may have 30% fewer cells
Cells may change in ability to perform specialized tasks

26. Aging Physiologic changes are universal and progressive
Aging is not a disease

27. Disorders of Cell Structure
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia

28. Disorders of Cell Structure
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Neoplasia

29. Tumor When cell division does not occur in the usual pattern
Also called neoplasms
Benign tumors
Malignant tumors