1. Cells

2. Human Cells - Eukaryotic
Cytology – the study of cells
Cells are the basic structural & functional unit of the body.
Vary greatly in size & structure
About 60% water
Surrounded by interstitial fluid
Different cells have different functions
A cell’s structure often reflects its function
Three main regions
Nucleus, cytoplasm, & plasma membrane

4. Anatomy of a Cell Plasma Membrane Surrounds the cell
Acts as a barrier
Composed of mostly proteins & phospholipids
Facilitates contact with other cells & controls the passage of materials into & out of the cell
Selectively Permeable

5. Anatomy of a Cell Continued…
Cytoplasm
Substance inside that cell that contains organelles
Where most metabolic reactions & activities take place
Filled with clear fluid called cytosol
Organelles
Specialized portions of the cell that carryon specific activities.

6. Cell Organelles Nucleus Nucleolus Ribosomes
Controls cellular activities & contains the genetic information (DNA)
Contains nucleolus
Nucleolus
Produces ribosomes
Ribosomes
Sites of protein synthesis
Located free in the cytosol or attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER).

7. Cell Organelles Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body)
Network of interconnected
membranes
Provides mechanical support
Transports material around the
cell
Two types:
Rough ER – protein synthesis
Smooth ER – lipid synthesis
Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body)
Stack of membranous sacs
Refine & packages proteins

8. Cell Organelles Mitochondria Lysosome
Smooth outer membrane & highly folded inner membrane (cristae)
Carries out cellular respiration
“Powerhouse” of the cell – produces ATP
Lysosome
Contains digestive enzymes
Breakdowns & destroys foreign
particles, microorganisms,
damaged or worn-out cells,
& cell parts

9. Cell Organelles Cytoskeleton Centrioles
Composed of microfilaments & microtubules
Involved in contraction, support, & movement
Centrioles
Found near the nucleus in an area called the centrosome
Paired cylinders used in cell reproduction

10. Cell Organelles Cilia Flagella Numerous hair-like projections
Move foreign matter along cell surfaces
Flagella
Few & long projections
Move the entire cell

11. Cell Physiology
A cell is the smallest unit of matter that carries out ALL life processes.
Reproduction, development, growth, energy production & use, digestion, waste excretion, response to stimuli, movement, etc…

12. Membrane Transport
Cells must constantly move material between their internal & external environments.
Passive Transport – diffusion
Movement of material from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Active Transport
Movement of material from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration.
Requires energy – going against the gradient

14. Types of Passive Transport
Facilitated Diffusion
Using carrier proteins to move material through the plasma membrane.
Osmosis
Diffusion of water
Three types of solutions
Hypotonic - more water moves into the cell
Hypertonic – more water exits the cell
Isotonic – water enters & exits the cell equally

15. Blood Cell Reactions to Different Osmotic Solutions
Water is drawn out of the cells & into the bloodstream. May reduce swelling
Cause no visible changes to cells. Most IV solutions are isotonic.
Water rushes into cells, causing cells to swell. Used to treat severe dehydration

16. Types of Active Transport
Solute Pumping
Using carrier proteins to move material against the gradient (Uses ATP)
Exocytosis
Transport of large particles out of the cell
Endocytosis
Transport of large particles into the cell
Pinocytosis
Liquids taken in – cell engulfs a drop of water
Phagocytosis
Solids taken in by engulfing them in vesicles

18. The Life Cycle of a Cell Interphase Mitosis – Cell Division
Cell crows & carries on metabolic activities, DNA synthesis occurs, & manufacturing of parts for cell division.
Mitosis – Cell Division
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase/cytokinesis
Ends with two daughter cells identical to each other & the parent cell
Uncontrolled cell division may lead to cancer.

20. Protein Synthesis
Proteins (Enzymes) run all the chemical reaction in your body
Proteins are responsible for all your traits.
DNA serves as the master blueprint for making proteins.
Proteins are made in two steps:
Transcription (DNA RNA)
Translation (RNA Protein)