1. Cells
Anatomy & Physiology

2. Cells vary in SIZE and STRUCTURE
Depends on what they do

3. Cell Membrane is selectively permeable
All Animal Cells have
Nucleus
Cytoplasm (cytosol)
Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane is selectively permeable

4. Lipid bilayer (phospholipids) make up the membrane with proteins embedded to help regulate what comes across the membrane

5. ORGANELLES-  "little organs" within the cell that perform specific functions
The nucleus is to the cell what the __________is to a person.
The cell membrane is to a cell what the ________ is to a person.
Image:  

6. Transport system; canals and channels that connect membrane to nucleus and to organelles within the cell
Smooth ER (lipid synthesis)
Rough ER (contains ribosomes for protein manufacture)

8. Flattened membranes; function to package and deliver proteins produced by the ribosomes
Proteins are exported in vesicles

9. The “powerhouse” of the cell
Chemical energy from food is converted to a useable form (ATP) • process is called Cellular Respiration
The “powerhouse” of the cell
CRISTAE

10. Lysosomes - contain digestive enzymes to break down substances
Centrosome – forms a spindle during cell division
Vesicles – packaged substances, exported
Microfilaments and Microtubules - cell skeleton (cytoskeleton), maintains shape and functions in movement
Cilia & Flagella

11. Directs cell activities (the “brain” of the cell)
Contains genetic information (DNA) in the form of chromatin
Also contains a nucleolus – makes ribosomes
Has tiny pores where RNA can exit the nucleus

17. Diffusion - molecules tend to spread out Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion Animation

18. Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
SALT SUCKS

19. Osmosis Animation

22. Filtration Active Transport Exocytosis
Endocytosis (phagocytosis & pinocytosis)

23. Mitosis = nuclear division
Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis (cell division)
The steps of mitosis ensure that each new cell has the exact same number of chromosomes as the original
Interphase = growth phase, differentiation occurs

24. Interphase • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase
IPMAT

25. The structure of a chromosome
Centromere holds two chromatids together

26. 1. chromosomes visible (chromatids)
2. centrioles migrate to the poles
3. nuclear membrane disappears
4. nucleolus disappears
5. spindle forms

27. 1. chromosomes line up on the equator, spindle attaches

28. 1. chromatids separate at the centromere and move to opposite poles

29. 1. chromosomes disappear • chromatin
2. nuclear membrane reforms
3. nucleoli reappears
4. spindle disappears
5. centrioles duplicate

30. - division of the cytoplasm to form 2 new daughter cells
- organelles are divided
- daughter cells are genetically identical
Cells return to interphase

37. DIFFERENTIATION
occurs as cells multiply and organism develops and grows

38. Meiosis
This is the process of producing gametes or sex cells of an organism.
The result is 4 daughter cells with half the number of original chromosomes.
Just like in the production of other cells, Meiosis starts off in interphase, where it grows and reproduces the cell’s DNA.
When it starts to divide it actually has two phases: meiosis I and meiosis II

39. Prophase I This is very similar to regular prophase.
The chromatin tightens up into chromosomes.
This is also where crossing over will occur which provides genetic variation. In other words chromosomes trade genes.

40. Metaphase I
Similar to metaphase in mitosis the Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell and spindle fibers attach to the centromers.

41. Anaphase I
The chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite sides.

42. Telophase I
The cell begins to split into two cells.

43. Meiosis II
After Meiosis I separates the parent cell into two daughter cells, Meiosis II begins. This will split the two cells into four cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell.

44. Prophase II
No DNA is replicated. The nuclear envelope disappears again and the centrioles migrate back to the equator of the cell.

45. Metaphase II
Again the chromosomes line up at the center and spindle fibers attach to the centrosomes.

46. Anaphase II
The chromatids are pulled apart and towards opposite sides of the cells.

47. Telophase II
The two cells start to completely split into four cells total.

48. In women this process is referred to as oogenisis which means egg production. Even though four cells are produced on one of the four is an egg. The other three are polar bodies; these are smaller and frequently die, but sometimes can go on to act in reproduction.
In men this process is referred to as spermogenisis which is the production of sperm. All four cell produced act as sperm.

49. Name the phases starting at the top.

50. Name the phase
Identify X
Identify Y

51. 5. Name the phase

52. 6. Name the structure

53. Name the structure
What is its function?

54. 10. What will happen to the baggie in the hypertonic solutions?
9. Which beaker(S) contains a solution that is hypertonic relative to the bag
     A                     B                   C                   D                    E
10. What will happen to the baggie in the hypertonic solutions?