1. Cells
Chapter 5

2. Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.

3. Cell Structure Cell membrane- outer boundary of the cell
Nucleus- control center
Cytoplasm- material between the cell membrane and the nucleus

4. Speaking of NUCLEUS… Do all cells have a nucleus?
Eukaryote: organism with a nucleus
Prokaryote: single celled organism without a nucleus.

5. Cell Membrane Supports and protects the cell
Regulates what may enter/exit
Lipid bi-layer (picture)
On the surface…

7. On the surface… Proteins act as pumps and channels.
Carbohydrates act as name tags.
Cell Wall only on plants, algae, and some bacteria.

8. Nucleus The information center of the cell (DNA & RNA)
Nuclear envelope: 2 membranes that surround the nucleus
Nucleolus: “little nucleus,” densely packed RNA
Chromosomes: DNA attached to proteins for a new generation

9. Cytoplasm Contains many special organelles: Energy:
Mitochondrion: change chemical food into usable energy (animal)
Chloroplast: trap and convert sunlight (plant)

10. Protein Factories
Ribosomes: contain RNA and proteins, location: free or attached to the RER.

11. Manufacturing and Shipping
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
SER: store enzymes and chemicals
RER: ribosomes for protein synthesis
Golgi Apparatus: collects, packages, and ships proteins made in one area for use in another

12. Cleaning Crew:
Lysosomes contain enzymes that may digest encircled material. (Animal)

13. Storage:
Vacuoles, sac like structures may contain salt, water, carbohydrates, starch, pigments, etc.

14. Framework:
Cytoskeleton: microtubules and microfilaments provide shape for the cell and allow movement in the cytoplasm
Microtubules run across the cell
Microfilaments run parallel to the membrane

15. Cilia: short hair-like, numerous
Flagella: long whip-like, 1 or 2

16. Transport through the cell
Passive transport does not require energy.
Active transport requires energy.

17. Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Filtration Molecular pumps Endocytosis
Passive Active
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration
Molecular pumps
Endocytosis
Pinocytosis
phagocytosis
Exocytosis

19. Diffusion: movement of particles with the concentration gradient

20. Osmosis: the diffusion of ONLY water

21. Hypertonic refers to the environment outside the cell having a higher concentration of solute.
Hypotonic refers to the environment outside the cell having a higher concentration of water.
Isotonic environment refers to an environment that is the same inside and out.

22. Facilitated Diffusion: still moving with concentration gradient with the aid of another substance (catalyst)
Filtration: moves with the pressure gradient rather than the concentration gradient

23. Molecular Pumps: proteins embedded in a cell surface selectively pump ions across the membrane. REQUIRE ENERGY!

24. Endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis

25. Exocytosis