1. Cells Plasma Membrane/Homeostasis Cell Cycle Energy

2. Cell Types
Cells can be divided into two categories, prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
Prokaryotic cells are those that DO NOT contain a nucleus, therefore their DNA is floating around inside the cell. Prokaryotic cells also do not contain membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cells are those that DO contain a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells also contain membrane-bound organelles.

3. Plasma Membrane
The plasma membrane maintains homeostasis by its selective permeability.
Plasma membrane structure:
*fluid mosaic model
*more like a fluid than a solid
*made of two lipid layers
View an illustration of the plasma membrane’s two layers on pg 82.

5. Diffusion
Diffusion: the movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.
Diffusion Types: (these require no energy)
1. Osmosis
2. Facilitated Diffusion

6. Osmosis
Osmosis: the diffusion of water through a membrane from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.
 Three terms you MUST understand:
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic

7. Hypotonic solutions and osmosis
A hypotonic solution is one in which there are less dissolved particles outside the cell than inside the cell. Draw an illustration of a cell in a hypotonic solution below.
Water will flow _____ cell in the above illustration in order to maintain homeostasis.

8. Hypertonic solutions and osmosis
A hypertonic solution is one in which there are more dissolved particles outside the cell than inside the cell. Draw an illustration of a cell in a hypertonic solution below.
Water will flow __________ cell in the above illustration in order to maintain homeostasis.

9. Isotonic solutions and osmosis
An isotonic solution is one in which there are an equal number of dissolved particles inside and outside the cell. Draw an illustration of a cell in an isotonic solution below.
Water will flow_______________________ in the above illustration in order to maintain homeostasis.

10. Facilitated Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion: the diffusion of large particles through a membrane with the help of protein channels from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.
Does this require any energy from the cell?

11. Active Transport
Active transport: the movement of particles across a membrane from a lower concentration to a higher concentration, which requires energy.
Why does this type of transport require energy? Use the phrase concentration gradient in your answer.

12. Types of Active Transport
Endocytosis: (endo=within) taking in large molecules by engulfing them with the cell membrane. Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis
Exocytosis: (exo=out of) releasing large molecules out of the cell by fusing a vesicle containing the molecules with the cell membrane.

13. KNOW the organelles of the cell and their function!!!!

14. Cell Cycle Cell Cycle: the growth and the division of the cell.
The cell cycle takes approximately 24 hours.
Two parts to the cell cycle
Interphase (23 hours)
Mitosis (1 hour)

15. Interphase Interphase: the growth of the cell
Life processes such as respiration and metabolism continue during this time
Chromosomes must be duplicated
Why increase the size of the cell just to divide the cell? Why not just have a few very large cells rather than trillions of microscopic ones?
What would happen if our chromosomes did not duplicate at this time?

16. Mitosis Mitosis: The division of the cell
There are four phases in mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

17. Terms you must understand
Sister Chromatid
Uncondensed DNA = chromatin
Condensed DNA = chromosomes
Each piece of a chromosome=sister chromatid
Centromere

18. Prophase *Chromatin (DNA) coils into chromosomes
*Nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear
*Centrioles migrate to poles of the cell
*Spindle fibers begin to form between centrioles

19. Metaphase
*Chromosomes become attached to spindle fibers by their centromere
*Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell

20. Anaphase *Centromere of sister chromatid is broken
*Sister chromatid separate
*Spindle fibers attached to sister chromatid shorten and begin to pull sister chromatid to poles

21. Telophase *Chromatids have reached opposite poles
*Chromosomes uncondensed back into chromatin
*Spindle fibers break down
*Nuclear envelope and nucleolus reappear
*Cell membrane pinches inward to separate the cytoplasm (cytokinesis) and create two daughter cells

23. Energy ATPAdenosine Triphosphate
Energy is needed by all living organisms to maintain homeostasis
What organelle creates/stores energy?
Energy is stored within living cells as a molecule called ATP
ATPAdenosine Triphosphate

24. (Energy is stored in the phosphate bond)
ATP Creation
ATP is formed by adding a Phosphate (P) to ADP.
(Energy is stored in the phosphate bond)
ADP ATP
A—P—P + P  A—P—P—P
(Energy is stored in
this third bond)
**Adding the P is fueled by glucose extracted from food

25. Breaking of ATP
Energy is released when needed by breaking the third phosphate bond.
ATP ADP
A—P—P—P  A—P—P P
(Energy is
released
when third
bond breaks)
**Subtracting the P is fueled by glucose extracted from food

26. Photosynthesis Autotrophs and Energy
Plants perform photosynthesis to create energy
Equation of photosynthesis:
chlorophyll
6CO2+6H2O+light energy C6H12O6+6O2
Two major steps in photosynthesis:
Light Dependent Reaction
Light Independent Reaction (Calvin Cycle)

27. Cellular Respiration&Fermentation
Glycolysis is an anaerobic (meaning without O2) process that takes place in the cytoplasm in which glucose is broken down to yield ATP.
If O2 is present, cells will take the aerobic route.
If O2 is absent, cells will take the anaerobic route.

28. Aerobic Route
Cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria in the presence of oxygen (AKA aerobic), which releases energy from food.
Equation of respiration:
6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
Cellular Respiration Steps:
Glycolysis: Glucose + 2ATP4ATP + 2Pyruvic Acid
Kreb’s Cycle: Pyruvic AcidCO2 + Many Electrons
Electron Transport Chain: Electron + ADP ATP

29. Anaerobic Route
Fermentation follows glycolysis when O2 is absent (AKA anaerobic), which releases energy from food.
Two types of fermentation:
Lactic Acid Fermentation which occurs in the muscles.
Alcoholic Fermentation which is performed by yeast.

30. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation Steps:
Glycolysis:
Glucose + 2ATP  4ATP + Pyruvic Acid
Lactic Acid Fermentation:
Pyruvic Acid  LacticAcid

31. Alcoholic Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation Steps:
Glycolysis:
Glucose + 2ATP  4ATP + Pyruvic Acid
Alcoholic Fermentation:
Pyruvic Acid  Ethyl Alcohol + CO2