The Chemistry of Life Chapter 2-3 KEY CONCEPTS: What macromolecules are important to living things? What are the functions of each group of macromolecules? http://www.uri.edu/pharmacy/faculty/cho/research.html http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biochemistry_notes_bi_ch3.htm Phospholipid by RIEDELL

Ch 2: Chemistry of Life KEY CONCEPTS: 2.1 Composition of Matter Image by Riedell KEY CONCEPTS: 2.1 Composition of Matter 2.2 Energy and Chemical Reactions 2.3 Water and Solutions

Click the image to play the video segment. Atomic Structure 2A Click the image to play the video segment. Video 1

Atoms are the ________________: basic unit of MATTER PROTONS (+) ______________ are found ______________ ___________________ in ____________________ NEUTRONS in NUCLEUS ELECTRONS (-) orbit outside nucleus energy levels Animation from: http://www.wjcc.k12.va.us/ROBB/Atom%20Animation%20Resources_files/image003.gif

Atoms differ in __________ of _______, ________,& _______ NUMBERS PROTONS NEUTRONS ELECTRONS Image from: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2004/lect02.htm

Atoms that have _________________ have an _____________ and are called __________ They are written with a + or – next to their symbol gained or lost electrons + electric charge Na IONS - Cl

Atoms/ions important for living things Used to make bigger molecules Ions = electrically charged atoms ____________ Carbon - C ____________ Oxygen - O Sodium – Na+ Chloride – Cl- Hydrogen - H Potassium – K+ Nitrogen - N Calcium – Ca++ Sulfur - S Hydrogen – H+ Phosphorus - P

Hydrogen Ions (H+) H+ acidic More H+ = more acidic http://www.guardiantrader.com/images/ph_scale.gif The number of ____ ions determines how _______ a solution will be. H+ acidic More H+ = more acidic

ATOMS CAN ______TOGETHER TO _____________________ JOIN MAKE MOLECULES Ex: Joining 2 HYDROGEN atoms with 1 OXYGEN atom makes one ______ molecule. WATER what kind chemical formula A _______________ tells _________ of and __________ atoms are in a molecule EX: ________ how many H2O http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/molecule.html

VERY, VERY LARGE MOLECULES MACROMOLECULES = ____________________ EXAMPLE: Insulin = C254 H377 N65 O76 S6 Image from: http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/tutorials/chemistry/page2.html

MOLECULES CAN BE SHOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS Water molecule: http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/molecule.html H2O Other Images by: Riedell

- + Polar Molecules electric charge Because of the location of Image from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html Because of the location of electrons in molecules, some molecules have an _________ pattern of ____________________ More ___ on one side; More ___ on the other EX: water UNEVEN electric charge + - Bending water video More about this in Chapter 7

HYDROGEN BONDS positively Bonds that form between the _________ charged _____________ in one molecule and a __________ charged _________ in a nearby molecule are called _________________ positively HYDROGEN atom negatively Oxygen atom HYDROGEN BONDS EX: water molecules are held together by Hydrogen bonds Hydrogen bond animation Images from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

“Like dissolves like” HYDROPHILIC ____________________ means “water loving” _________ molecules try to _________ and touch water or ______________ molecules POLAR be near other polar Water makes a great solvent in living things because so many molecules found in living things are polar or have a charge. http://www.makash.ac.il/h_school/hst/hstsb/chem/luach/dissolve.jpg

“Like dissolves like” HYDROPHOBIC NON-polar http://egullet.com/imgs/egci/nonstocksauce/nons1.JPG “Like dissolves like” HYDROPHOBIC _________________ means “water fearing” ___________ groups/molecules try to _________ other __________ molecules and __________ ________ molecules NON-polar be near NON-polar away from polar Oil based paints dissolve in solvents such as turpentine . . . not water.

The same molecule can have both POLAR and NON-POLAR parts EX: PHOSPHOLIPIDS The same molecule can have both POLAR and NON-POLAR parts Polar head NON-polar tails More about this in Chapter 7 Image by Riedell

“Like dissolves like” SOAP http://mchi.mcallenisd.org/mchi/site/hosting/ipc/ipc/ipcch23htm/ipcch23sec2.htm “Like dissolves like” SOAP ______ works because it has a _____________ that dissolves _______ and a __________ that dissolves in _____ to wash away oily dirt. NON-polar end grease Polar end water

WATER is important for all living things Average person ~~ 60-70% water Babies ~~ 78% Human brain ~~ 90% Image from: http://sjr.state.fl.us/programs/outreach/pubs/irl_update/images/water_glass.jpg

WHY Water is important to cells: POLAR DISSOLVE 1. It’s __________ so it can ____________ lots of different substances. 2. It can _________ lots of ______ _______________________________ very much. (That helps with _________________) 3. ____________________ form between water molecules so they stick together. 4.Water is an important ___________________ in many CHEMICAL REACTIONS. absorb HEAT WITHOUT changing temperature HOMEOSTASIS HYDROGEN BONDS REACTANT/PRODUCT

DO NOW Turn in your water properties lab onto front desk. Copy the date and objective into your notebook Copy this equation in your notebook. (Don’t draw the molecules.) 3. What are the reactants? What are the products?

2.2 Energy Acquire materials and energy The abililty to do work Sun All living things_________________________ Energy is _____________________ Energy is needed to perform all life functions. The ultimate source of energy on earth is the __________ Energy can be ____________ from one form into another. EX. ___________________ energy is converted into chemical energy in photosynthesis. The abililty to do work Sun converted Light (electromagnetic)

REMEMBER: ALL the chemical reactions that happen in cells = _____________ METABOLISM join Chemical reactions can _____ molecules together. Chemical reactions can ______ molecules apart. break

In chemical reactions, _________ (between molecules) are broken, _____ are rearranged and new bonds are _______. bonds atoms formed When chemical bonds break, _______ is released. When new bonds are made, energy is ______. energy stored

A chemical equation tells what happens in a chemical reaction when molecules interact. 2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2 _______________ ________________ Molecules that react Molecules that are produced → REACTANTS PRODUCTS Image by RIedell

Sometimes chemical reactions need help to get started. Ex: A fire needs a match to get it started. http://www.chuckwagondiner.com/art/matches.jpg http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif

IT’S LIKE PUSHING A SNOWBALL UP A HILL Once it gets to top . . . it can roll back all by itself http://www.gifs.net

______________ to get a chemical reaction _______________ = ________________________ Energy required STARTED ACTIVATION ENERGY ACTIVATION ENERGY REACTANTS PRODUCTS Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved

___________ HELP CHEMICAL REACTIONS _______________ HAPPEN FASTER Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved CATALYSTS ___________ HELP CHEMICAL REACTIONS _______________ HAPPEN FASTER Catalysts work by ____________ the ___________________________to get a chemical reaction started. DECREASING ACTIVATION ENERGY required

Lower Catalysts ______ the height of the hill or remove the hill entirely So that it takes _____ energy (work) to get the reaction started less

Not used up Catalysts are ______________ in chemical reactions. After the job is done, they move on to other molecules to __________another reaction. So that it takes _____ energy (work) to get the reaction started catalyze

CATALYSTS in Living Things Image from: http://www.hillstrath.on.ca/moffatt/bio3a/digestive/enzanim.htm CATALYSTS in Living Things In living systems __________ that ________________to control chemical reactions are called = _________ PROTEINS act as catalysts ENZYMES SEE ANIMATION of AMYLASE More about this in Chapters 7,8,9 and 12

Chapter 3 Biochemistry KEY CONCEPTS: How/why/and to what does carbon bond? How are carbon molecules made/broken down? What macromolecules are important to living things? What are the functions of each group of macromolecules? http://www.uri.edu/pharmacy/faculty/cho/research.html http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biochemistry_notes_bi_ch3.htm Phospholipid by RIEDELL

_________ is the most important atom found in living things CARBON four It can join to _______ other atoms at same time chains It can form ______ or _____ so it can make lots of different kinds of molecules. rings Images from: http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/chemhydrocarbon.htm

http://www. mrbigler. com/Chem1-C1/topics/vsepr/VSEPR_files/image002 http://www.mrbigler.com/Chem1-C1/topics/vsepr/VSEPR_files/image002.gif __________ molecules are found __________ and contain ____________ (usually part of/were part of a living organism) (wood, hair, sugar, fat, proteins, DNA, etc) Methane (CH4) is non polar. ORGANIC in living things C-H bonds http://biologyjunction.com/organic_model_project_bi.htm

http://www. mrbigler. com/Chem1-C1/topics/vsepr/VSEPR_files/image002 http://www.mrbigler.com/Chem1-C1/topics/vsepr/VSEPR_files/image002.gif __________ molecules are not organic, not contain C-H bonds. (eg. CO2, H2, cyanide (CN-), hydrochloric acid (HCl), pieces of metal, graphite in pencil, H2O, etc) . INORGANIC http://biologyjunction.com/organic_model_project_bi.htm

MACROMOLECULES important to living things! _____________ _____________ (Fats, oils, waxes, steroids) Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids

These small units are called ______________ Macromolecules are made from many small units which ________ _________ to make a bigger molecule. These small units are called ______________ The big molecule they make is called a _____________ join together MONOMERS POLYMER Image by RIedell

EXAMPLE: DNA _________ subunits (A,T,G,C) join together to make a _____ molecule Nucleotide DNA http://www.freewebs.com/genetics37/genetics101.htm

One way to join molecules to make a bigger molecule is by ________ a _______ molecule to make a bond. = ____________________ reaction removing WATER dehydration synthesis http://www.cengage.com/biology/discipline_content/animations/reaction_types.html See an animationhydrolysis dehydration synthesis

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS “dehydration” “synthesis” =_____________ _____________ water loss put parts together http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/macromol/sld003.htm http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm

Chemical reactions can also ________ molecules apart. ______________ = kind of chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken apart by adding a________ molecule. “_____” = water “_____” = break apart break HYDROLYSIS WATER hydro lysis See an animation http://video.lonestar.edu/media/nhscience/dehydrat/dehydrat.html

opposite HYDROLYSIS is the _________ of DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS. Adding a water molecule breaks the bond. http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm

More on this is Chapters 7, 8,& 9 ATP is the energy molecule used by all cells. Breaking a bond using ________ is the way ENERGY is released. http://student.ccbcmd.edu/biotutorials/energy/adpan.html hydrolysis More on this is Chapters 7, 8,& 9

Living things _______ of these kinds of _______ (and MORE) to get the _______they need. use BOTH reactions materials http://www.animationlibrary.com http://www.cibike.org/CartoonEating.gif

MACROMOLECULES important to living things! _____________ _____________ (Fats, oils, waxes, steroids) Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids

CARBOHYDRATES contain _____, ________, & ______ (with a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O) Molecules made up of only one ___________ molecule are called ________________ oxygen carbon hydrogen sugar monosaccharides Example: GLUCOSE C6H12O6 Image from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

Important MONOSACCHARIDES Fructose C5H10O5 C6H12O6 Note 4C’s in a 5 sided ring C6H12O6 2 1 ALL HAVE __C: __ H: __ O 1 http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D-glyceraldehyde-2D-Fischer.png

____________________ to make ________________ made of Monosaccharides can be joined together using ____________________ to make ________________ made of ___________ molecules. dehydration synthesis POLYSACCHARIDES MANY SUGAR Image from: Modern Biology; Pearson Prentice Hall © 2005

Examples of IMPORTANT POLYSACCHARIDES ___________ STARCH (plants) CELLULOSE (plants) GLYCOGEN (animals) Image from: http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif

WHAT DO CARBOHYDRATES DO? Image from: http://www.sdada.org/Pyramid-Vegetarian-01.jpg

CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ________ AND Give ________ Energy CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ________ AND Give ________ Structure Use glucose Cells _______________ for their ________ needs energy More about this in Chapters 7 and 9 Images from: http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

ANIMAL CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY _______ cells _____________ as __________. store glucose glycogen Image from: http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif

________ cells ____________ as _________ store glucose STARCH CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY PLANT ________ cells ____________ as _________ store glucose STARCH Images from: http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif http://oregonstate.edu/instruction/bb450/stryer/ch21/Slide24.jpg

_____ also use glucose to make ___________ CARBOHYDRATES are STRUCTURAL _____ also use glucose to make ___________ Cellulose makes plants _______ PLANTS CELLULOSE STURDY Images from: http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif http://www.kalyx.com/store/images/ApiumGraveolens9.jpg

with CELL IDENTIFICATION CARBOHYDRATES HELP with CELL IDENTIFICATION GLYCOPROTEINS _____________ (proteins with _____ attached) on the surface of cells help cells _____________ sugars recognize “self” More about this in Chapters 7 and 11 Image from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm

GLYCOPROTEINS are important for: BLOOD TYPES ORGAN REJECTION RECOGNIZING GERMS Images from:http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/00737/bloodgp.jpg http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/organ-transplant-ch.jpg http://www.imac.auckland.ac.nz/vaccines/vacc_graph.htm

MACROMOLECULES important to living things! _____________ _____________ (Fats, oils, waxes, steroids) Carbohydrates Proteins

PROTEINS contain: ________, _________, _______, and _________ and are built from __________ subunits Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen AMINO ACID Image by: Riedell

Figure 2-16 Amino Acids Section 2-3 DRAW THE GENERAL STRUCTURE of AMINO ACID IN YOUR NOTES Amino group Carboxyl group General structure Alanine Serine

_______ is _________ for each AMINO ACID R-group different _______ is _________ for each AMINO ACID There are _____________ amino acids used by cells to ________________ 20 different make proteins

What kind of chemical reaction do you think is used to join amino acid subunits to make proteins? ____________ Bond formed is a ________ bond. (between C=O and N) dehydration synthesis peptide http://www.chemicalconnection.org.uk/chemistry/topics/images/pp3.jpg

WHAT DO PROTEINS DO? Image from: http://www.drpbody.com/images/meatpoultryfish.gif

Enzymes ______ chemical reactions happen _______. Image from: http://www.hillstrath.on.ca/moffatt/bio3a/digestive/enzanim.htm ENZYMES PROTEINS ACT AS ___________ enzyme animation Enzymes ______ chemical reactions happen _______. help faster More about this in Chapters 7,8,9 and 12

Some PROTEINS are ENZYMES (organic catalysts) ACTIVE SITE ENZYME SUBSTRATE ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX ENZYME Unchanged & Reusable PRODUCTS Image modified from: http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif Arrow: http://www.gifanimations.com/action/ImageDisplay/1/2/11/next

Click HERE to learn more about enzymes ENZYMES _____ like a _______________ one kind of ___________ to only one kind of _________. Enzymes are ___________ by the reaction and ___________ FIT LOCK AND KEY enzyme SUBSTRATE UNCHANGED REUSABLE http://www.grand-illusions.com/images/articles/toyshop/trick_lock/mainimage.jpg

_______ and ___________ are _______________ in _____________ STRUCTURAL PROTEINS ARE ___________ _______ and ___________ are _______________ in _____________ Proteins Phospholipids main components cell membranes More about this in Chapters 7 Image from: http://www.borg.com/~lubehawk/cell.htm#plcell_dia_ques

PROTEINS ____________ Images from: http://www.imac.auckland.ac.nz/vaccines/vacc_graph.htm PROTEINS ____________ FIGHT GERMS ANTIBODIES _____________ are proteins ANTIBODIES ATTACK & KILL THEM

PROTEINS help in _________ TRANSPORT Proteins in ________________ help ___________ _________ of cells cell membranes move molecules in and out More about this in Chapters 7 and 11  Image from: http://bio.winona.msus.edu/berg/ANIMTNS/FacDiff.htm

PROTEINS help in Transport HEMOGLOBIN _____________ in ____________ ___________ to all ____ cells red blood cells carries oxygen body More about this in Chapter 11  Image from: http://www.cellsalive.com/pics/cover4.gif

PROTEINS help with __________________ MOVEMENT Images from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Arm_flex_supinate.jpg http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookmito.html MUSCLES Body _________, ____________, and __________________ are made of PROTEINS FLAGELLA MITOTIC SPINDLE More about this in Chapters 7 and 10

PROTEINS act as ___________ HORMONES Eating food puts GLUCOSE in your bloodstream INSULIN ________________ is a protein hormone that ________________________ controls blood sugar  Image from: http://www.cibike.org/CartoonEating.gif

INSULIN store glucose __________ causes cells to ________   Insulin function image by Riedell using Glycogen image modified from: http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif

People with ____________ can’t make _______________ and their DIABETES People with ____________ can’t make _______________ and their ___________ stays _________ because cells ___________ glucose. Insulin ______ can replace the missing insulin insulin blood sugar TOO high can’t store shots Image modified from: http://sonya.lanecurrent.net/Health/Images/meds.gif

MACROMOLECULES important to living things! _____________ (Fats, oils, waxes, steroids) 4. _____________ Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids

Lipids are made mainly from __________ and ___________ (very ___________ atoms) Carbon Hydrogen few oxygen Images: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCHEM2.html http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/03/HTML/source/03-16-steroids-nl.htm

LIPIDS include triglycerides (____ and ____), __________, _________, _________. oils fats phospholipids steroids waxes Image from: http://blackmovie.us/movie/Fat.Albert/fat.albert.movie.jpg

WHAT DO LIPIDS DO? Image from: http://www.umassmed.edu/diabeteshandbook/chap06.htm

LIPIDS can be used to _________ for the _____ store energy long term Image from: http://blackmovie.us/movie/Fat.Albert/fat.albert.movie.jpg

LIPIDS ________ Help __________ ___________ (helps with ___________) insulate Help __________ ___________ (helps with ___________) Maintain body heat homeostasis http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/common/imagedata/0,1658,5116542,00.jpg

LIPIDS __________ INSULATE LIPIDS form __________ myelin (insulation on ______ cells) myelin nerve http://www.alongnaturestrail.com/the_nervous_system.html http://www.roweindustries.com/braidless-wire.html

Lipids can be structural ___________________ (lipid tails + glycerol/phosphate head) PHOSPHOLIPIDS ________ _________ Polar head Non-polar tails http://asm.wku.edu/pix/cells/P-lipid2.gif Arrow: http://www.gifanimations.com/action/ImageDisplay/1/2/11/next

join with PROTEINS to make _______________________ cell membranes PHOSPHOLIPIDS join with PROTEINS to make _______________________ cell membranes More about this in Chapters 7 Image from: http://www.borg.com/~lubehawk/cell.htm#plcell_dia_ques

STEROIDS ___________ like LIPIDS can be _____________ HORMONES STEROIDS ___________ like _____________, ___________, and _____________are steroid hormones involved in _____________ TESTOSTERONE ESTROGEN PROGESTERONE reproduction http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/03/HTML/source/03-16-steroids-nl.htm

MACROMOLECULES important to living things! _____________ _____________ (Fats, oils, waxes, steroids) Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids

NUCLEIC ACIDS contain: _______, _________, _______, ___________ and ________ are built from ___________ subunits CARBON NUCLEOTIDE HYDROGEN OXYGEN PHOSPHORUS NITROGEN Image by: Riedell

NUCLEOTIDES have 3 components Image by: Riedell sugar Changing the _______ & and ____________ produces ___________nucleotide subunits nitrogen base different Arrow: http://www.gifanimations.com/action/ImageDisplay/1/2/11/next

NUCLEOTIDES 2 SUGARS can be used: ____________ (_____) DEOXYRIBOSE Image by: Riedell NUCLEOTIDES 2 SUGARS can be used: ____________ (_____) DEOXYRIBOSE ________ (____) RIBOSE DNA RNA Sugars: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg Arrow: http://www.gifanimations.com/action/ImageDisplay/1/2/11/next

5 NITROGEN BASES URACIL ADENINE _____________ = A _____________ = G _____________ = T (only in DNA) _____________ = U (only in RNA) GUANINE CYTOSINE THYMINE URACIL

DNA= __________________ 2 KINDS of NUCLEIC ACIDS Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA= __________________ ______________ STRANDED SUBUNITS: A, T, G, C (No U) DOUBLE Image from: http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/picts/dna.jpg

DNA molecule forms a _____ or “twisted ladder” HELIX DNA molecule forms a _____ or “twisted ladder” ADENINE THYMINE __________ bonds _________ with _________ bonds __________ CYTOSINE GUANINE Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif

RNA= ________________ 2 KINDS of NUCLEIC ACIDS Ribonucleic acid RNA= ________________ _________STRANDED Subunits: A, U, G, C (NO T) SINGLE Image from: http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learning_modules/biology/01.TU.03/illustrations/01.IL.09.gif

DNA MAKING _____ USES: uracil DEOXYRIBOSE These Nitrogen bases: _____________ NO __________ Image by: Riedell A, T, C, or G uracil SUGAR = _______________ DEOXYRIBOSE Sugars: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg

Making _____ uses” thymine RIBOSE RNA These Nitrogen bases _____________ NO __________ Image by: Riedell A, U, C, or G thymine SUGAR = __________ RIBOSE Sugars: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg

What kind of chemical reaction do you think is used to join nucleotide subunits to make nucleic acids? ____________ dehydration synthesis http://avery.rutgers.edu/WSSP/StudentScholars/project/archives/onions/orien.html

WHAT DO NUCLEIC ACIDS DO? Image from: http://www.ohsu.edu/healthyaging/caregiving/images/food_pyramid.gif

DNA _______ Stores _________ genetic __________ information in cells  Image from: http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif DNA _______ _________ __________ in cells Stores genetic information More about this in Chapters 7, 10, 11, 12, and 14

Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved RNA ____________________ from _____ in the nucleus out to the ribosomes to help with _________________ CARRIES INFORMATION DNA PROTEIN SYNTHESIS More about this in Chapters 7 and 12

ONE SPECIAL KIND of NUCLEOTIDE is used by cells to _______________________ Store and transport ENERGY Image by: Riedell ATP RIBOSE Sugar =_____________ Nitrogen base =__________ +___ PHOSPHATE groups RIBOSE ADENINE 3 More about this in Chapters 7, 8, 9,10, and 12

Concept Map Carbon Compounds Section 2-3 include Which include Are made of which contain elements which contain elements which contain elements which contain elements

Concept Map Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Section 2-3 Carbon Compounds include Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins that include Which include Which include Are made of Sugars and starches Fats and oils DNA, RNA, ATP Amino Acids which contain elements which contain elements which contain elements which contain elements Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

MAKE CONNECTIONS How are the SHAPES of the molecules you learned about related to their FUNCTIONS? http://www.gb-sports.co.uk/zoggsfinz.jpg http://www.webweaver.nu/clipart/img/misc/construction/hammer-animation.gif