1. INTRODUCTION TO
BIOCHEMISTRY

2. BIOCHEMISTRY!

3. What do you already know?
Work with a partner to write down ANYTHING you know about:
Water
Inorganic substances
Organic substances
Atoms
Molecules
(It’s ok if you don’t know that much!)

4. Inorganic and Organic Compounds
Inorganic - not made by living things
Organic - made by living things
- carbon compounds
- forms covalent bonds

5. Properties of Water Great solvent called a universal solvent
Helps to digest food and remove waste products
Helps with transport in the body

6. Solute- dissolved substance Solvent- dissolves the solute
THE UNIVERSAL SOLVENT: WATER
Solute- dissolved substance
Solvent- dissolves the solute
Dissolved substance
Dissolves the solute

7. Water is a Polar Compound
Hydrogen ends holds slightly positive charges
Oxygen end holds a slightly negative charge
(+)
(+) p+ 1H
(--)

9. Water forms Hydrogen Bonds
H+ and O- are attracted to each other

11. What will water do in space??

12. Properties of Water Cohesion- molecules stick to each other
Adhesion- molecules stick to other substances

13. Properties of Water
Surface Tension Insulation - ICE Resists Changes in Temperature -Regulates temps on Earth

14. Water Properties At Work
Water in Space - NASA

15. Properties of Water
Why is cohesion and adhesion important to living things?

16. http://www. youtube. com/watch
Crash course

18. pH SCALE and ACIDS and BASES!
Think silently…write down what you already know about the pH scale, acids and bases!
Now share with a partner and make your list longer!

20. pH SCAle Low pH (<7) = Acid 7 = neutral High pH (>7) = Base
Measures the amount of Hydrogen Ions (H+) in a solution as compared to Hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution.
Low pH (<7) = Acid
7 = neutral
High pH (>7) = Base

22. pH scale and hydrogen ions

23. pH scale and hydrogen ions (H+)
The more acidic the solution, the more hydrogen ions (H+) there are!
Go up by powers of 10 (10x!) each pH level…
Ex: pH of 2 has 10x more hydrogen ions than a pH of 3!

25. pH scale and hydronium ions (OH-)
The more BASIC the solution, the more hydronium ions (OH-) there are!
Go up by powers of 10 (10x!) each pH level…
Ex: pH of 12 has 10x more hydrogen ions than a pH of 11!

27. pH in the body
Human blood- 7.4
Stomach juice- 2.0

29. Organic compounds are carbon compounds, made by living things

30. Carbon is the Central Atom of Life.
glucose
amino acids
fat

31. To Understand the BIG, You’d Better Know the LITTLE
(and how small and big are linked)

32. Organic Molecules
Macromolecules are built by linking a set of building blocks (monomers) together into long chains (a polymer).
Monomers – basic units that repeats over and over in organic compounds
Each hexagon is this figure is a monomer, building blocks linked together to form a polymer.

33. Types of Reactions
Reactants- substances required for a reaction, the starting materials
Products- substances that are made during a reaction
Reactants
Products

34. CONDENSATION / DEHYDRATION REACTIONS
CONDENSATION REACTIONS (DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS REACTIONS)
Joining molecules together by removing water (-H and –OH are removed to make a water molecule)
C6H12O6 + C6H12O C12H22O11 + H2O
GLUCOSE GLUCOSE MALTOSE WATER

36. REACTIONS OF BIOLOGICAL COMPOUNDS
HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS
Water is added to break apart molecules
C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
MALTOSE WATER GLUCOSE GLUCOSE

38. What kind of reaction is this?
Condensation

39. What kind of reaction is this?
Hydrolysis

40. What kind of reaction is this?
Condensation

41. Molecules of Life How do you build a cell?
Start with water, add lots of small carbon-containing molecules and …….
Four Major Classes of Biological Molecules

42. FOUR TYPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Common names
CARBOHYDRATES
SUGARS AND STARCHES
LIPIDS
FATS, OILS, AND WAXES
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA AND RNA (GENETIC MATERIAL)

43. CARBOHYDRATES ELEMENTS – C, H AND O MONOMER = MONOSACCHARIDE
MAIN FUNCTION
QUICK ENERGY
SOME STORAGE
Animals- glycogen
Plants- starch
Cellulose

44. CARBOHYDRATES Other facts 2:1 ratio of Hydrogen to Oxygen
One sugar C6H12O6 monosaccharide
Two sugars C12H22O11 disaccharide
Many sugars- polysaccharide

45. LIPIDS ELEMENTS: C, H and O MONOMER = Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids
MAIN FUNCTION
Storage
Energy reserves
Cell membranes FA
Glycerol FA FA

46. LIPIDS Other facts Insoluble in water - Hydrophobic
Most Common Lipid - Shaped like an elongated E

47. Other types of Lipids….

48. PROTEINS ELEMENTS: C, H, O and N MONOMER: Amino Acids FUNCTIONS
Basic building blocks of living material
Hair, Muscles, Fingernails
Enzymes – speed up chemical reactions
Transport in cell

49. PROTEINS 20 different Amino acids
Each amino acid has a different R- or Residual group

50. PROTEINS Forms peptide bonds between amino acids
1 amino acid- amino acid
2 amino acids- dipeptide
Many amino acids- polypeptide

51. NUCLEIC ACIDS Genetic material Controls the cells activities
ELEMENTS: C, H, O, N and P
MONOMER: Nucleotide
FUNCTIONS:
DNA and RNA
Genetic material
Controls the cells activities

52. DNA- carries the genetic code RNA- carries out the instructions

53. Organic molecules Video
14 minutes

54. ENZYMES CATALYSTS FOR BIOLOGICAL REACTIONS- speeds up a reaction
MOST ARE PROTEINS
LOWER THE ACTIVATION ENERGY NEEDED TO CARRY OUT A REACTION
INCREASES THE RATE OF REACTIONS

55. Enzymes

56. Enzymes

57. Enzymes

58. Activation energy

59. ENZYME ACTION: LOCK & KEY MODEL
SUBSTRATE- SUBSTANCE AN ENZYME ACTS UPON
ACTIVE SITE- REGION WHERE SUBSTRATE AND ENZYME BONDS TOGETHER
PRODUCT IS RELEASED
ENZYME IS UNCHANGED

60. ENZYME FUNCTION Substrate Active Site

61. ENZYME FUNCTION + Active site Amino acids Enzyme (E) Enzyme-substrate
complex (E-S)
Internal rearrangements
leading to catalysis
Dipeptide product (P)
Free enzyme (E)
Substrates (S)
Peptide bond
H2O +
Figure 2.21

62. Enzyme Activity

63. FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTION
TEMPERATURE
LITTLE ACTIVITY AT LOW TEMPS
RATE INCREASES WITH TEMPERATURE
MOST ACTIVE TEMP IN HUMANS (37ºC)
ACTIVITY LOST WITH DENATURATION AT HIGH TEMPERATURE pH
Concentration of substrate/enzyme

64. TEMPERATURE AFFECTING ENZYME ACTION
OPTIMUM TEMP
RATE OF REACTION
LOW HIGH
TEMPERATURE