1. The Chemistry of Life Chapter 2-3
KEY CONCEPTS:
What macromolecules are important to living things?
What are the functions of each group of macromolecules?
Phospholipid by RIEDELL

3. Characteristics of Carbon Include:
Carbon forms strong and stable bonds.
Carbon can form bonds with other ___________ as well as a variety of ____________ such as ______________________
_________________.
carbon atoms
other elements
oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen,
sulfur and phosphorus
Carbon can form chains that are almost unlimited in size. Carbon can form chains or rings.

4. The four groups of organic compounds found in living things are:
Macromolecules
Many of the molecules in living cells are so ______ that they are known as _______________. This means “______________”.
large
macromolecules
giant molecules
The four groups of organic compounds found in living things are:
Macromolecules are made from thousands of smaller molecules.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

6. Characteristics of Carbohydrates
C6H12O6
These compounds are made up of
___________________________
in a ratio of _____.
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
1:2:1
Look at the top picture. Count the number of carbon atoms you see.
C6H12O6
Now count the number of hydrogen atoms you see.
Finally, count the number of oxygen atom you see. What is the formula?
C6H12O6
Now do the same thing for the bottom picture.

7. Examples of carbohydrates are:
sugars, starches, and celluloses.
The carbohydrates are known as the “quick energy” foods because they are very quickly converted to energy by the cells.

8. CARBOHYDRATES CHO (with a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O) ______ SACCHARIDES are made up of _____ sugar molecule.
MONO
ONE
Example:
GLUCOSE C6H12O6
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9. Three Common Polysaccharides
Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose
Only found in animals.
Only found in plants.
Cellulose is the stringy, fibrous material found in the cell wall of plants.
This is the way that plants store excess glucose.
This is the way that animals store excess glucose.
It gives strength to the plant cell wall.
Many, many molecules of glucose are bonded together to form starch.
The liver bonds together many, many molecules of glucose to form glycogen.
Cellulose is the major component of wood and paper.

10. Important MONOSACCHARIDES
glyceraldehyde
C5H10O5
C3H6O3
C6H12O6 2 1
ALL HAVE __C: __ H: __ O 1

11. dehydration synthesis
Monosaccharides can be joined together using
____________________ to make
more ________ carbohydrates.
dehydration synthesis
complex
Image from: Modern Biology; Pearson Prentice Hall © 2005

12. DI
___SACCHARIDES are made by joining ______ sugar molecules.
TWO
Table sugar = _______
sucrose
Milk sugar = ______
lactose

13. ______SACCHARIDES are made by joining _____ sugar molecules.
POLY
______SACCHARIDES are
made by joining _____ sugar
molecules.
MANY (100’s-1000’s)
___________
STARCH
CELLULOSE
GLYCOGEN
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14. _______ cells _____________ as __________.
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY
_______ cells _____________
as __________.
ANIMAL
store glucose
glycogen
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15. ________ cells ____________ as _________ PLANT store glucose STARCH
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY
PLANT
________ cells
____________
as _________
store glucose
STARCH
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16. _____ also use glucose to make ___________
CARBOHYDRATES are STRUCTURAL
_____ also use glucose to make ___________
Cellulose makes plants _______
PLANTS
CELLULOSE
STURDY
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17. with CELL IDENTIFICATION
CARBOHYDRATES HELP
with CELL IDENTIFICATION
GLYCOPROTEINS
_____________ (proteins with _____ attached) on the surface of cells help cells
_____________
sugars
recognize “self”
More about this in Chapters 7 and 11
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18. GLYCOPROTEINS are important for:
BLOOD TYPES
ORGAN REJECTION
RECOGNIZING GERMS
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19. Lipids Examples of lipids are fats, oils, and waxes.
These compounds are generally not soluble in water.
Lipids contain the elements ______, ___________________, but not in the _____ ratio seen in the sugars.
carbon
hydrogen and oxygen
1:2:1
There are two building blocks of lipids: fatty acids and glycerol

20. Label the three fatty acid tails in each drawing.
A lipid has one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acid tails.
<-fatty->
acid
<-fatty->
acid
<-fatty->
acid
glycerol
glycerol
Circle and label the glycerol molecule in each of the above drawings.
Label the three fatty acid tails in each drawing.

21. Unsaturated fat Saturated fat
A lipid has one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acid tails.
<-fatty->
acid
<-fatty->
acid
<-fatty->
acid
Unsaturated fat
Saturated fat
If a fatty acid tail has at least one _________________________, it is said to be an ____________fat.
carbon-carbon double bond
unsaturated
If a fatty acid tail has no ________________________, it is said to be a ________ fat.
carbon-carbon double bonds
saturated
Which of these drawings is a saturated fat? Which is an unsaturated fat?

22. Is this a saturated or an unsaturated fat?
It is unsaturated.
Unsaturated fats tend to be ______ at room temperature. Examples are olive oil and vegetable oil.
liquid
Saturated fats tend to be _____ at room temperature. Examples are:
solid
shortening, lard, or butter.

23. Uses of Lipids They are used to store energy.
They are an important part of the cell membrane.
They form waterproof coverings on feathers, fruits, leaves, etc.
They cushion and insulate the internal organs.

25. CHONP Nucleic Acids There are two kinds of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA
Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing the elements…
CHONP
There are two kinds of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA
The monomers of nucleic acids are NUCLEOTIDES.
store and transmit genetic information.

26. NUCLEOTIDES sugar Changing the _______ &
Image by: Riedell
sugar
Changing the _______ &
and ____________ produces ___________nucleotide subunits
nitrogen base
different
Arrow:

27. NUCLEOTIDES ____________ (_____) DEOXYRIBOSE ________ (____) RIBOSE
Image by: Riedell
NUCLEOTIDES
2 SUGARS can be used:
____________
(_____)
DEOXYRIBOSE
________
(____)
RIBOSE
DNA
RNA
Sugars:
Arrow:

28. Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA= __________________
2 KINDS of NUCLEIC ACIDS
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA= __________________
______________ STRANDED
SUBUNITS: A, T, G, C (No U)
DOUBLE
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29. RNA= ________________
2 KINDS of NUCLEIC ACIDS
Ribonucleic acid
RNA= ________________
_________STRANDED
Subunits:
A, U, G, C (NO T)
SINGLE
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30. WHAT DO NUCLEIC ACIDS DO?
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31. ATP Store and transport ENERGY
ONE SPECIAL KIND of NUCLEOTIDE is used by cells to _______________________
Store and transport ENERGY
Image by: Riedell
ATP
RIBOSE
Sugar =_____________
Nitrogen base =__________
+___ PHOSPHATE groups
RIBOSE
ADENINE 3
More about this in Chapters 7, 8, 9,10, and 12

32. DNA _______ Stores _________ genetic __________ information in cells
 Image from:
DNA
_______
_________
__________
in cells
Stores
genetic
information
More about this in Chapters 7, 10, 11, 12, and 14

33. CHON Proteins There are 20 different amino acids.
Proteins are macromolecules that contain…
CHON
Proteins
The building blocks of proteins are amino acids.
There are 20 different amino acids.

34. Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen AMINO ACID
PROTEINS contain: ________, _________, _______, and _________ and are built from __________ subunits
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
AMINO ACID
Image by: Riedell

35. _______ is _________ for each AMINO ACID
R-group
different
_______ is _________ for each AMINO ACID
20 different
There are _____________
____________ used by cells
to ________________
AMINO ACIDS
make proteins

36. “R” groups
amino
Carboxyl
One single hydrogen
Each amino acid has four parts. Label these groups on the drawing above.
There are many, many uses for proteins
1. enzymes
2. hormones
3. transport proteins such as hemoglobin
4. contractile proteins such as in muscle tissue
5. antibodies
6. membrane proteins
7. structural proteins such as bones and muscles
Carboxyl group
An amino group
One single hydrogen
An “R” group which is different on every single amino acid.

37. Proteins have a 3D shape hydrophobic hydrophilic “Like wants to be
near like”
hydrophobic
The _____________ and ______________
____________ make it fold up.
hydrophilic
R groups
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38. WHAT DO PROTEINS
DO?
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39. __________________ (SUGARS attached to ________)
GLYCOPROTEINS
proteins
on the surface of cells
help cells ____________
recognize “self”
More about this in Chapters 7 and 11
Image from:

40. GLYCOPROTEINS are important for:
BLOOD TYPES
ORGAN REJECTION
RECOGNIZING GERMS
Images from:

41. _______ and ___________ are _______________ in _____________
STRUCTURAL
PROTEINS ARE ___________
_______ and ___________
are _______________ in
_____________
Proteins
Phospholipids
main components
cell membranes
More about this in Chapters 7
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42. PROTEINS ARE STRUCTURAL
_______ with ______ to wrap up into ___________
Combine
DNA
chromosomes
More about this in Chapters 7 and 10
 Image from:

43. PROTEINS _______________
CONTROL GENES
PROTEINS _______________
by _______ them ____ and ____
turning ON
OFF
More about this in Chapters 12

44. PROTEINS ____________
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PROTEINS ____________
FIGHT GERMS
_____________ are proteins
ANTIBODIES
ANTIBODIES ATTACK & KILL THEM

45. PROTEINS help in _________
TRANSPORT
Proteins in ________________ help ___________ _________ of cells
cell membranes
move molecules
in and out
More about this in Chapters 7 and 11
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46. PROTEINS help in Transport
HEMOGLOBIN
_____________
in ____________ ___________ to all ____ cells
red blood cells
carries oxygen
body
More about this in Chapter 11
 Image from:

47. PROTEINS help with __________________
MOVEMENT
Images from:
MUSCLES
Body _________, ____________, and __________________ are made of PROTEINS
FLAGELLA
MITOTIC SPINDLE
More about this in Chapters 7 and 10

48. PROTEINS act as ___________
HORMONES
Eating food puts GLUCOSE in your bloodstream
INSULIN
________________ is a protein hormone that ________________________
controls blood sugar
 Image from:

49. dehydration synthesis
Monomers can be joined together using
____________________ to make
more polymers.
dehydration synthesis
LOSE OF A WATER MOLECULE
Image from: Modern Biology; Pearson Prentice Hall © 2005

50. hydrolysis __________
POLYMERS can be broken down into monomers through the process of
__________
hydrolysis
“water splitting” water added breaking bonds
Image from: Modern Biology; Pearson Prentice Hall © 2005

51. Carbs Kahoot Quiz

52. Dehydration Synthesis Animation

53. Lipids are made mainly from __________ and ___________ (very ___________ atoms)
Carbon
Hydrogen
few oxygen
Images:

54. WHAT DO LIPIDS
DO?
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55. ___________________ (lipid tails + glycerol/phosphate head)
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
___________________ (lipid tails + glycerol/phosphate head)
________
_________
Polar head
Non-polar
tails
Arrow:

56. PHOSPHOLIPIDS & STEROIDS
join with PROTEINS to _______________________
make cell membranes
More about this in Chapters 7
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57. LIPIDS can be used to _________ ________
store energy
long term
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58. LIPIDS __________ INSULATE myelin nerve LIPIDS form __________
(insulation
on ______ cells)
myelin
nerve

59. LIPIDS insulate maintain body heat homeostasis Help __________
___________
(helps with
___________)
maintain
body heat
homeostasis

60. LIPIDS can be _____________ HORMONES
STEROIDS
___________ like
_____________, ___________, and _____________are steroid hormones involved in _____________
TESTOSTERONE
ESTROGEN
PROGESTERONE
reproduction

61. Concept Map Carbon Compounds Section 2-3 include that consist of
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain

62. Concept Map Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids
Section 2-3
Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,