1. Intro to Cell Biology Review

2.
Looking at a drop of blood under the microscope you see this. Which of the characteristics of living things is this an example of?
Made of cells
Which of the characteristics of living things are these examples of?
Reproduce
Family image from:
Planaria animation:

3.
Which of the characteristics of living things is this frog demonstrating?
Grow and develop
Scientists are worried the Bird Flu virus will mutate and become able to spread from person to person causing a worldwide epidemic.
Which of the characteristics of living things is this an example of?
Evolution; change over time

4.
Which of the characteristics of living things is this boy demonstrating?
Grow and develop
Your blood sugar is low and you stop at Taco John’s for a late night snack. Your blood sugar goes back up.
Which of the characteristics of living things is this an example of?
Respond to stimulus & homeostasis

5. Which of the following characteristics of living things explains why birds fly south for the winter?
Maintain internal balance
Made up of cells
Based on a universal genetic code
Respond to their environment
D. Living things respond to their environment

6.
Which of the characteristics of living things is this butterfly demonstrating?
Grow and develop
People with diabetes lack the ability to make the hormone which controls blood sugar called ______________
insulin

7. Another name for a “living thing”
Another name for a “living thing”
organism
Particle found in the nucleus of an atom with a positive charge
proton

8. ↑
Which of these molecules could be used to make glycogen, starch, or cellulose?

9. Give an example of a monosaccharide
The carbohydrate molecule that cells burn to release energy is _______________.
glucose
Give an example of a monosaccharide
Glucose, galactose, fructose,
ribose, deoxyribose,

10. carbohydrate A monosaccharide is a ______________
Lipid nucleic acid carbohydrate protein
Many genetic diseases result from the production of enzymes that are not shaped correctly. How could a change in an enzyme’s shape cause it to work poorly or not at all?
Changing its shape can alter the shape of the active site so substrate doesn’t fit which affects how the enzyme works

11. Describes molecules that try to stay
away from water or other polar
molecules
Hydrophobic; non-polar
Scale used to measure acidity pH

12. ↑
Which of these molecules is a protein?

13. Name the 2 kinds of nucleic acids you learned about.
DNA and RNA
Give an example of a polysaccharide
Cellulose, glycogen, starch

14. Proteins that help chemical reactions happen faster = ___________
enzymes
Enzymes work by ____________
the activation energy required to get a chemical reaction started.
increasing decreasing
decreasing

15. cellulose Structural polysaccharide used to make plants sturdy
Special kind of nucleotide used by cells to store the energy released from burning glucose.
ATP
RIBOSE
Image by Riedell

16. heterotroph A human is a(n) ______________. autotroph heterotroph
Name 5 of the characteristics of ALL living things.
Made of cells
Reproduce
Take in and use materials and energy
Maintain stable internal conditions (homeostasis)
Grow and develop
Respond to environment
Have a universal genetic code
As a group, change over time

17. Give an example of an autotroph.
Green plant
The hereditary information in
all living things is in the form of a large molecule called __________________________.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

18. ↑
Which of these molecules stores genetic info?

19. Give the chemical symbol for each: Carbon _____ Sodium ion ____
Oxygen _____ Potassium ion ___
Nitrogen ____ Chloride ion ___
Phosphorus ____ Calcium ion ___
Hydrogen ___ Hydrogen ion ___
Sulphur ___ C
Na+ O K+ N
Cl- P
Ca++ H H+ S

20. 1:2:1; 1 carbon:2 hydrogen:1 oxygen
What ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms is seen in carbohydrates?
1:2:1; 1 carbon:2 hydrogen:1 oxygen
What is the chemical formula for water?
H2O

21. Any animal (including humans), Most bacteria
Give an example of a heterotroph
Any animal (including humans),
Most bacteria
The 3 smaller particles found inside
atoms are ____________, _____________.
and _____________.
protons
neutrons
electrons

22. dehydration synthesis- Losing water to make a bond
Name this reaction
dehydration synthesis-
Losing water to make a bond

23. An organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world
science
A short DNA segment that gives
the instructions for a protein
gene

24. Name one characteristic of water
that makes it important for living cells.
Good solvent (lots of substances dissolve in it)
Can absorb lots of heat without changing temp (good for homeostasis)
Makes hydrogen bonds (water molecules stick together)
Participant/product in many chemical reactions (helps metabolism)

25. Another name for a heterotroph consumer
Atomic particle with a negative charge
electron
A signal to which an organism responds
stimulus
Image from:

26. Name the 4 molecules that are important for all living things
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
Lipids that are made of many carbon and
hydrogen atoms are_________________
Polar non-polar
Non polar

27. Electrons
__________ orbit the nucleus of an
atom at very high speeds in different energy levels.
Protons neutrons electrons
What kind of electric charge do
electrons have?
negative

28. that have gained or lost ATOMS
MOLECULES
that have an uneven pattern of electric charge (more + on one side; more – on the other) are called ______________
polar
that have gained or lost
electrons so that they have an electric
charge are called ______.
ATOMS
ions

29. Glucose is a _______________.
HEMOGLOBIN that carries oxygen in your blood, INSULIN that helps cells store sugar, and DIGESTIVE ENZYMES are all _____________.
Proteins carbohydrates nucleic lipids acids
proteins
Glucose is a _______________.
Protein carbohydrate nucleic lipid acid
carbohydrate

30. ↑
Which of these molecules is a phospholipid?

31. (adding water to break a bond)
Name this reaction
Hydrolysis-
(adding water to break a bond)

32. Unfolding that happens to a protein
in extreme temperatures or pH that
causes it to change shape
denaturing
Stimulus that comes from outside
an organism
External stimulus

33. Which of these molecules is an amino acid ?
Look closely! They all are.
Look for the groups on the center carbon: Amino, carboxyl, R

34. If you want to make RNA which nitrogen bases CAN’T be used in the #1 spot?#3
NO THYMINE (T) #2

35. Simple sugars are made of polysaccharides.
Which of the following is TRUE?
Simple sugars are made of polysaccharides.
RNA molecules are made of nucleotides.
Amino acids are made of proteins
Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are made of glucose.
F Simple sugars are monosaccharides. Polysaccharides are complex carbo’s made of many sugars.
TRUE
F Proteins are made of amino acids
TRUE

36. ↑
Which of these molecules combines with proteins to make cell membranes?

37. In polymerization, complex molecules are formed by the joining together of _______________
A. macromolecules
B. carbohydrates
C. polymers
D. monomers
D. monomers

38. ↑
Which of these molecules is a nucleotide?

39. The tails on this molecule are __________________ hydrophobic
The blue part of this phospholipid molecule is ____________ polar non-polar
Non-polar
The tails on this molecule are
__________________
hydrophilic hydrophobic
hydrophobic

40. Name an ion that’s important in living cells.
Give a function for nucleic acids in cells
Store genetic info (DNA) transfer info from DNA to cell (RNA) protein synthesis (RNA)
Name an ion that’s important in living cells.
Sodium (Na+)
Calcium (Ca++)
Potassium (K+)
Chloride (Cl-)
Hydrogen (H+)

41. How many different amino acids are
used by all living things to make proteins? 20
This gray fish is a(n)____________ Autotroph heterotroph
Heterotroph
(Gets its food by eating other organisms)
 Image from:

42. If you want to make DNA which sugar CAN BE used in the #2 spot?#1 #3 #2
deoxyribose

43. nucleotides ________________.
The subunits that make nucleic acids are called _____________ amino acids carbohydrates nucleotides
nucleotides
Glucose, sucrose, glycogen, and starch are all examples of
________________.
carbohydrates

44. Name 4 of the 6 atoms important for making molecules used in cells.
Carbon
____________ is an important atom to living things because it can form bonds with 4 other atoms at once to make chains, rings, and many different kinds of molecules.
Name 4 of the 6 atoms important
for making molecules used in cells.
Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, OR phosphorus

45. Macromolecule made by joining MANY sugar molecules together in a chain
Double stranded nucleic acid molecule
containing A, T, C, G nitrogen bases
found in chromosomes that stores
genetic information
DNA
Macromolecule made by joining MANY sugar molecules together in a chain
polysaccharide

46. Amino acid subunits join together to make _______________ proteins
Lipids carbohydrates nucleic proteins acids
proteins
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil are used to make _____________________
polysaccharides amino acids nucleotides lipids
Nucleotides

47. If you want to make RNA which sugar CAN BE used in the #2 spot?#1 #3 #2
ribose

48. Name 3 of the many functions of proteins that you learned about
Act as enzymes Transport (Help move substances in & out of cells) Help synthesize other proteins (part of ribosomes)
Movement (make up cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella)
Act as hormones (insulin) Help cells recognize self (glycoproteins) Structural (make cell membranes)
Fight germs (antibodies) carry oxygen in blood cells (hemoglobin) control blood sugar (insulin)

49. ↑
Which of these molecules is a carbohydrate?

50. Name a function of carbohydrates in cells.
Burn for energy Store energy for later Structural (cellulose makes plants sturdy)
Cell ID (part of glycoproteins)

51. Phospholipids that make up cell membranes have a polar _________.
head tail
head
Nucleic acid molecule that is single stranded
RNA

52. What determines the amino acid sequence in a protein?
DNA code
What ending is found at the end of the
name of most enzymes?
-ase

53. Nucleic acids Proteins Carbohydrates
Match the building block with the molecule it makes. Proteins nucleic acids lipids carbohydrates
____________________
Nucleotide and amino acid images by Riedell
Nucleic acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Glucose from:

54. Name an atom found in DNA but not carbohydrates and lipids
Nitrogen and phosphorus
Kind of chemical reaction used to join subunits when making polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids
Dehydration synthesis

55. What determines the 3D folding of a protein?
Hydrophobic R groups
Nucleic acid molecule that is double stranded
DNA

56. Can join 4 other atoms at same time
What property of carbon allows it to form so many different kinds of molecules?
Can join 4 other atoms at same time
What are some factors that can
influence an enzyme’s activity?
Temperature & pH

57. If you want to make DNA which nitrogen bases CAN’T be used in the #1 spot?#3
NO URACIL (U) #2

58. Name one of the properties of water that make it important for living things
Its polar so it dissolves many different substances
It doesn’t change temperature easily
so it helps in homeostasis (maintaining temp)
It forms hydrogen bonds so molecules stick together
It is an important participant/product in many chemical reactions

59. If you want to make DNA which nitrogen bases CAN BE used in the #1 spot?#3
A, T, C, or G
(BUT NOT U) #2

60. Double stranded single stranded Contains A,T,C,G Contains A,U,C,G
Tell one way DNA is different from RNA
DNA RNA
Double stranded single stranded
Contains A,T,C,G Contains A,U,C,G
No U no T
sugar = deoxyribose sugar = ribosose
Stores genetic info transfers info
from nucleus to
out to cell

61. enzyme active site substrate A = ________________ B = ________________
Name the following in the enzyme catalyzed reaction:
Image by Riedell
enzyme
A = ________________
B = ________________
C = ________________
D = ________________
E = ________________
active site
substrate
enyzme-substrate complex
products

62. Name the 4 main macromolecules used to make living things
The process of changing from a stem
cell to different looking cells with
different functions
differentiation
Name the 4 main macromolecules used
to make living things
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids

63. The subunits made of a nitrogen base, and sugar, and a phosphate group used to make nucleic acids
nucleotides
Polysaccharide used by animal cells
to store glucose for later
glycogen

64. autotroph Process in which offspring are
Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food; also called a producer
autotroph
Process in which offspring are
produced by combining genetic material
from 2 parents
Sexual reproduction

65. steroids Kind of lipid made from carbon and
hydrogen joined in rings instead of
chains that make up cell membranes and
can act as hormones
steroids

66. ↑
Which of these molecules is a nucleic acid?

67. monosaccharide pH Carbohydrate molecule like glucose
that is made from only ONE sugar
molecule
monosaccharide
Scale used to measure acidity
Molecule formed when a substrate bonds to the active site of an enzyme pH
Enzyme-substrate complex

68. Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide
#1 = __________________
#2 = __________________
#3 = __________________ #1 #3 #2
nitrogen base (A, T, C, G, or U)
Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
phosphate

69. Process in which offspring are produced from the genetic material
Organism that obtains energy from the food it consumes; also called a consumer
heterotroph
Process in which offspring are
produced from the genetic material
of a single parent
Asexual reproduction

70. Molecule that is REALLY, REALLY BIG
macromolecule
Stimulus that comes from inside
an organism
internal stimulus

71. Place in an atom where electrons orbit
Change in an organism over time; Process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
evolution
Place in an atom where electrons
orbit
Energy levels

72. cell The process in which cells change as they grow and develop to
The basic unit of life is the ________.
The process in which cells change
as they grow and develop to
become specialized with different
functions
differentiation

73. Embryonic cell that has the potential to differentiate into a variety cell types
Stem cell
Reactant that binds to the active
site of an enzyme during a
chemical reaction
substrate

74. producer neutron polysaccharide Another name for an autotroph
Neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom
neutron
Molecule such as glycogen, starch, or
cellulose, made by joining many
monosaccharide (sugar) molecules
together
polysaccharide

75. 5 carbon sugar used to make RNA
5 carbon sugar used to make RNA
ribose
Macromolecule made of a polar
glycerol phosphate head and
non- polar tails used to
make cell membranes
phospholipid
Image by Riedell

76. metabolism multicellular organic All the chemical reactions through
which an organism builds up or
breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes
metabolism
Organism made of many cells
multicellular
Molecules found in living things
that contain CARBON
organic

77. hemoglobin Protein that carries oxygen found in red blood cells
Kind of chemical reaction used by cells to join molecules together by removing an H and OH to make a water molecule
Dehydration synthesis

78. Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
homeostasis
Substances produced during a chemical reaction that are found on the right side of a chemical equation
products

79. Describes a polar molecule that mixes easily with water; means “water loving”
hydrophilic
Small unit that can join together with
other small units to form polymers
monomer
Image by Riedell

80. ↑
Which of these molecules could be used to make an RNA molecule?

81. glucose The carbohydrate molecule that cells burn to release energy
Place on an enzyme where the substrate attaches
Active site

82. glycoprotein Molecule made of a protein with
Molecule made of a protein with
carbohydrates attached found
in cell membranes that helps
in cell identification
glycoprotein
Protein hormone, missing in people
with diabetes, that tells cells to store
glucose as glycogen
insulin

83. Double stranded nucleic acid molecule
containing A, T, C, G nitrogen bases
found in chromosomes that stores
genetic information
DNA
Macromolecule made by joining MANY sugar molecules together in a chain
polysaccharide

84. ↑
Which of these molecules is a polysaccharide?

85. Energy required to get a chemical reaction started
Activation energy
Attraction between oppositely
charged regions of nearby molecules
Van der Waals forces
Substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by decreasing the
activation energy
catalyst

86. photosynthesis unicellular hydrolysis
The process plants use to capture energy from the sun and make glucose
photosynthesis
Organism made of only one cell
unicellular
Chemical reaction in which a molecule
is broken apart by the addition of the
H and OH from a water molecule
hydrolysis

87. enzyme Hydrogen bonds Protein that acts as a biological
catalyst in living things to help
chemical reactions happen faster
enzyme
Attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules involving the hydrogen atoms of one molecule and the partially negatively charged
atoms in another molecule
Hydrogen bonds
Images from:

88. ↑
Which of these molecules is an amino acid?

89. protein polar Macromolecule that contains carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, made
by joining amino acid subunits
protein
Molecule with an uneven pattern of electric charges; More + on one side/ more – on the other
polar
Image from:

90. Substances on the left side of a chemical equation which react
Image from:
5 carbon sugar used to make DNA
deoxyribose
An atom that has gained or lost
electrons so it has an electric charge
ion
Substances on the left side of a
chemical equation which react
reactants

91. hydrophobic Nitrogen bases
Describes a non-polar molecule that tries to stay away from water; means “water fearing”
hydrophobic
One of the components (including adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil) that make up nucleotides
Nitrogen bases

92. Compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms usually in a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O which is a major source of energy for the human body
carbohydrate
Large molecule made by joining smaller monomer subunits together
polymer
Image by Riedell

93. Macromolecule made mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes and steroids, which is generally hydrophobic
lipid
Macromolecule made of nucleotide subunits
containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and phosphorus which stores and
transports information in cells and helps
in protein synthesis
nucleic acid

94. If you want to make RNA which nitrogen bases CAN BE used in the #1 spot?#3
A, U, C, or G
(BUT NOT T) #2

95. RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Single stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose and the nitrogen bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Subunit used to make proteins made up
of a carbon atom attached to
a hydrogen,
a carboxyl group (-COOH),
an amino group
(-NH2) , and a variable R group
Amino acid
Image by Riedell

96. The science of life (study of living things) is called _______________
Polysaccharide used by PLANT cells
to store glucose for later
starch
The science of life (study of living things) is called _______________
biology
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid

97. ↑
RIBOSE
Which of these molecules is used by cells to store and transport energy?