1. Section 6.2 Chemical Reactions-
Process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances

2. Reactants and Products
Reactants – starting materials
Left side of equation
Product – ending materials
Right side of the equation
Arrow indicate process of change

3. Chemical Reaction Reactants are reorganized into different substances
Na + Cl  NaCl
Chemical bonds are broken and reformed
C6H12O6 + O  CO2 + H2O

4. Which is a Chemical Reaction
Rust on a chain
Water boiling
Wood burning
Plant production of glucose
Candle melting

5. Energy of Reactants
Activation Energy – the smallest amount of energy reactants need to make products

6. Exothermic Energy is released as heat or light
Heat confirms a chemical reaction
Energy of products is LOWER than that of reactants

7. Examples
Hand Warmers
Fire
Glowsticks
Cell Respiration

8. Endothermic Heat energy is absorbed
Energy of products is HIGHER than that of reactants

9. Examples
Photosynthesis
Ice Melting
Sweat evaporation
Cooking

10. Catalyst Catalysts lower the activation energy
Not as much energy is needed to form products
Chemical reactions can happen FASTER
Does NOT increase how much product is made and it does not get used up in the reaction

11. Enzyme Are BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS
Lower activation energy
Speed up chemical process in living organsims

12. Enzymes The reactants that bind to the enzyme are called substrates.
The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the active site.
Substrate and active site have complementary shapes and allows them to act much like puzzle pieces

14. Section 6.3
Water and Solutions

15. Water’s Polarity
Molecules that have a positive pole and a negative pole, this is called a polar molecule
If opposite poles of different molecules come close together they will attract.
This attraction leads to hydrogen bonds – weak interaction between a hydrogen and fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen

16. Water One molecule of water has two covalent bonds
One bonding the oxygen to each of the hydrogens
Multiple molecules of water are held together by hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen on one molecule and the oxygen of another

17. Hydrogen Bond Where are the electrons?
To which atom are most located nearest?

18. Mixtures with Water
A mixture two or more substance where each keeps its characteristics.
A solution is a mixture that has a uniform composition throughout.
A solvent is a substance in which another substance is dissolved.
A solute is the substance that is dissolved in the solvent.

19. Solution or Mixture

20. Solution or Mixture

21. The Building Blocks of Life
Section 6.4
The Building Blocks of Life

22. Organic Chemistry
The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules.

23. Carbon
Carbon compounds can be in the shape of straight chains, branched chains, and rings.

24. Macromolecules Carbon atoms can be joined to form carbon molecules.
Macromolecules are large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together.
Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds linked together by a series of covalent bonds.

25. Biological Macromolecules pg 167
Group
Example
Function
Carbohydrates
Glycogen
Energy source
Structural support
Lipids
Fats
Store energy
Provide barriers
Proteins
Hemoglobin – protein which carries oxygen throughout the body
Transport
Speed reactions
Make hormones
Nucleic Acids
Building block of DNA
Store and communicate genetic information

26. Carbon (Organic) Compounds
Carbohydrates- compounds of life made of C, H and O in a 1:2:1 ratio
Monosaccharides: single sugar
Polysaccharides: many monosaccharides
Importance of Carbohydrates to life
main energy source of all cells- glucose (C6H12O6)
energy storage in plant cells- starch
energy storage in animal cells- glycogen
cell walls of plants- cellulose

27. Lipids
Lipids- compounds of life made of lots of C & H (fats, oils, waxes)
Most lipids do not dissolve well in water (covalent bonds)
Importance of lipids to life:
long term energy storage
provide structure of cell membranes
chemical messengers: steroids like estrogen, testosterone, and cholesterol.

28. Proteins Proteins- Compounds of life made of nitrogen, C, O and H
Held together by polarity of water, hydrogen bonds and interactions of Amino Acids
Amino Acids: building blocks of proteins
Importance of proteins to life:
body structure: muscles, bone, collagen, cartilage, hair
transport: hemoglobin- red chemical in blood to transport oxygen
fight diseases: antibodies, control chemical reactions: enzymes

29. Nucleotides- composed of a sugar, a base and a phosphate
Nucleic Acids-
Nucleotides- composed of a sugar, a base and a phosphate
Importance of nucleic acids to life:
store and move hereditary or genetic information within all cells
DNA- two strands that spiral around each other
stores hereditary information

30. RNA- one single strand
manufactures proteins
acts as an enzyme
ATP- single nucleotide with two extra energy storing phosphate groups (stores energy temporarily)