Building Blocks of Life Biochemistry Building Blocks of Life

located in electron cloud Chemistry Review Atoms - building blocks of matter Nucleus - center of atom Electron cloud - surrounds the nucleus - electrons are found in shells or energy levels - First level holds 2 electrons - Second holds 8 electrons DE Video (1min) Protons + charge, atomic # Neutrons 0 charge located in nucleus Electrons - charge located in electron cloud

Elements – different types of atoms - pure substance that cannot be broken down by physically or chemically - around 118 known elements, 92 naturally occurring - 1st letter capitalized, 2nd letter lower case

- 2 or more elements chemically combine Compounds - 2 or more elements chemically combine - combination of elements is always in a fixed ratio Chemical Bonds - Force that holds elements together - Types: * Covalent bond * Ionic bond * Hydrogen bond

- Electrons are shared between two atoms - Usually shown as a dash - Covalent Bonds - Electrons are shared between two atoms - Usually shown as a dash - - This type of compound is a molecule Example: Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell, but would be more stable with 8 Hydrogen has 1 electron in it outer shell, but would be more stable with 2

- electrons are transferred between a metal and nonmetal making ions Ionic Bonds - electrons are transferred between a metal and nonmetal making ions - Atom that gains an electron = negative ion - Atom that loses an electron = positive ion - the positive atom attracts to the negative Discovery Education Techbook

Water = H2O Hydrogen bond - interaction involving H and either F, O, or N atom - polar molecule = unequal distribution of charges Water = H2O - covalent bond - polar molecule

Chemical Reactions CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2 -- process in which atoms are rearranged into different substances reactants  products CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 -- the number of atoms of each element must be equal on either side of the equation

Enzymes (act as a catalyst) ---speed up biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy (energy used to START reaction) ---hundreds of different kinds of enzymes; each specific to a chemical reaction

Chemistry of Life Organic molecule -- compound containing carbon atoms C6H12O6 --- glucose Inorganic molecule -- not consisting of or deriving from living matter (usually doesn’t contain carbon) H2O -- water

Monomer ---- a small molecule Polymer (macromolecules) ---- a long-chain molecule made up of a repeated pattern of monomers

Types of organic compounds: a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids c. Proteins d. Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates --- contain C, H, and O (ratio: C1H2O1) --- main source of energy --- helps give structure to living things Monosaccharide (monomer) Disaccharide (polymer) Polysaccharide (polymer)

Monosaccharides – simple sugars Ex: glucose, fructose, and galactose Disaccharides – double sugars Ex: sucrose, maltose, lactose Polysaccharides – long chains Ex: cellulose, chitin, glycogen

Lipids --- contain C, H, and O --- hydrophobic = do not dissolve well in water --- stored energy

Types of Lipids: fats --- great deal of energy, insulation, cushioning --- saturated (butter) or unsaturated (oil)

phospholipids --- contained in cell membrane --- double-layered that help control entry & exit

--- include cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone steroids --- include cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone --- help in signaling and communication cholesterol estrogen testosterone

Proteins --- made up of amino acids --- contain C, H, O, and N --- vary in size and structure which determines the function --- allow passage of materials; make up muscle fibers; give cells shape; long term nutrient storage; control chemical reactions

Nucleic Acids --- store genetic information in sequenced codes --- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA) --- nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids ---- They are made of  sugar, phosphate, and a base

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) --- a nucleotide --- provides energy for reactions, transport between cells, etc. ---- made of a sugar group, a nitrogen-containing base group, and three phosphate groups --- if one phosphate group is removed from ATP, energy is released…resulting molecule is called ADP (adenosine diphosphate) which only has two phosphate groups

Organic Compound Monomer Polymer Carbohydrates Glucose/Simple Sugars sucrose, starch Lipids glycerol and fatty acids triacylglycerol Proteins amino acids polypeptides Nucleic Acids nucleotides polynucleotides