1. The Chemistry of Life

2. The Atom
Atom – smallest particle of an element

3. Atoms Composed of 3 subatomic particles:
1. Proton – positively charged particle found within the nucleus 2. Neutron – particle with no charge found within the nucleus 3. Electron – negatively charged particle found outside the nucleus

4. Elements Element – pure substance made of one type of atom
Periodic Table – Organizes elements
Atomic Number - # of protons
Atomic Mass - # of protons + neutrons
Know how to determine protons, neutrons, and electrons in at atom using these numbers

5. Periodic Table

6. Periodic Table Organizaton
There is a repeating pattern (periodicity)
Groups/Families – vertical rows share similar characteristics
Periods – horizontal rows

9. Hydrogen

10. Alkali Metals

11. Alkaline Earth Metals

12. Transition Metals

13. Boron Group

14. Carbon Group

15. Nitrogen Group

16. Oxygen Group

17. Halogens

18. Noble Gases

19. Lanthanides and Actinides

20. Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

21. Isotope
Isotope – atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons – therefore a different mass

22. Radioactive Isotope
Radioactive isotope – isotopes with unstable nuclei
Give off harmful radiation
Used in dating materials; many medical uses

23. Compounds
Compound – a substance that is made of atoms of different elements chemically combined.
Water is a compound H2O
Properties are different from those of the individual elements.
Table salt (NaCl) – which is made of Na and Cl

24. Compounds

25. Determining the arrangement of electrons in energy levels: Energy Levels
Electrons must be in distinct energy levels
Each energy level can hold a different number of electrons
1st Energy Level – 2 electrons
2nd Energy Level – 8 electrons
3rd Energy Level – 18 electrons
4th Energy Level – 32 electrons
Electrons fill the lowest energy levels first.

26. Bohr Models
Niels Bohr – developed a model of the atom that showed electrons in distinct energy levels
Lowest energy levels must fill first!

27. Create a Bohr model for the following elements:
Helium
Lithium
Chlorine
Neon

28. Bohr Models

29. Bohr Models

30. Chemical Bonds
An atom is most stable when its outer most energy level is full or contains 8 electrons
Atoms will gain, lose, or share electrons with other atoms to become stable
Valence electrons – electrons in the outermost energy level which are involved in bonding.

31. Bond Types Ionic Bond – electrons are gained or lost
Ion – an atom that has gained or lost electrons
Covalent Bond – sharing electrons
Molecule – a group of atoms held by covalent bonds and have no charge
A molecule of water is represented by H2O

32. Ionic Bond

33. Covalent Bond

34. The Water Molecule
Water is one of the most important compounds in living organisms.
Water serves as a means of transport.
Water makes up 70 – 95% of organisms
Water is an example of a polar molecule
Polar molecule – molecule with an unequal distribution of charge.
Has positive and negative ends = dissolve things
Hydrogen Bond – weak bond between hydrogen and oxygen

35. Hydrogen Bond

36. Solutions and Suspensions
Mixture – a combination of substances in which individual substances retain own properties
Ex. Mix sand and sugar – they neither change nor combine
Solution – a mixture in which one or more substances are distributed evenly in another substance – Ex. Kool-aid mix and water
Solute – substance being dissolved – sugar
Solvent – being dissolved in – Water is the universal solvent

37. Solute vs. Solvent

38. Solution
Na+
Cl -
Water

39. Acids and Bases Chemical reactions depend on pH
pH is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is
pH scale: 0 – 14
Neutral Compound: 7
Acid: pH below 7
Acid – any substance that forms hydrogen ions in water
Base : pH above 7
Base – any substance that forms hydroxide ions in water

40. Acids and Bases

41. Carbon Compounds Carbon – a very unique and important element
It can share bonds with other carbon atoms or other elements
Can form single, double, or triple bonds
Can form chains, rings, and large complex molecules

42. What is the name of carbon based chemistry?

43. Macromolecules
(Mr. Anderson, 10 min.)
Large molecules (polymers) formed by linking many smaller molecules (monomers)
Main categories of macromolecules:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Nucleic Acids
4. Proteins

44. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates – organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Main source of energy for almost all living things
A. Monosaccharides – simplest type of carbohydrate – glucose and fructose
B. Disaccharide – two monosaccharides linked together – sucrose or table sugar
C. Polysaccharide – many monosaccharides (starch, cellulose, and glycogen)

45. Carbohydrates Makes up the cell wall (cellulose)
Used for short term energy storage
Name usually ends in -ose

46. Lipids
Lipids – fats used to store energy. Insoluble in water (important to membranes)
Ex. Cholesterol, fats, steroids, etc.

47. Lipids Long term energy storage
Forms bilayer with phosphate which is found in the cell memebrane (phospholipid bilayer)

48. Nucleic Acids Contain C, H, O, N, and P
Store information – determines traits/directs protein synthesis
Made up of monomers called nucleotides
- RNA – ribonucleic acids (single stranded)
- DNA – deoxyribonucleic acids (double stranded/double helix)
Contains nitrogenouse bases:
Ex. Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

49. Nucleotides

50. Proteins Proteins – contain C, H, O, N.
Made of monomers called amino acids which are linked together by polypeptide bonds
Found throughout the body, but well known to be a main component of muscles
All enzymes are proteins

51. Proteins

52. Chemical Reactions
Reactants – substances undergoing the reaction. On left side of arrow
Products – substances being produced. On right side of arrow
Equations – must always be written balanced
H2 + O H2O

53. Energy in Reactions Activation energy – needed to get reaction started
Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur within an organisms

54. Enzymes
Catalyst – any substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up in the process. Lowers the activation energy
Enzyme – a protein that acts as a catalyst in a living organism. Changes in temperature or pH can adversely affect enzymes
Substrate – substance that is acted on by the enzyme. It binds to enzyme where a new product is formed and released