University of Northern IA Presentation prepared by: Marilyn Shaw University of Northern IA This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 13 Interpersonal Communication: A Theoretical Foundation Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Connecting with Others via Interpersonal Communication Relationships—an association between at least two people. Interpersonal communication occurs in a variety of contexts and situations and may be characterized in different ways, such as being impersonal versus personal. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Theories of Interpersonal Communication Uncertainty Reduction Theory Uncertainty Management Theory Social Information Processing Theory Social Penetration Theory Social Exchange Theory Interpersonal Needs Theory Dialectical Theory: Push and Pull Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Uncertainty Reduction Theory Uncertainty reduction theory suggests that when we meet others, our need to know about them tends to make us draw inferences from observable physical data. Berger’s three prior conditions Anticipation of future contact Incentive value or reward Deviance My granddaughters Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Uncertainty Management Theory This theory takes into account the different ways people respond both psychologically and communicatively to uncertainty. The theory has three main features: The interpretation and experience with uncertainty. The effect of emotion related to uncertainty. The ways communication and emotion are managed when uncertainty exists. Photo taken from Chapter 13, p. 351 © oliveromg/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Social Information Processing Theory Joe Walther states that social information processing theory suggests that electronically mediated relationships grow only to the extent that people gain information about each other and use it to form impressions. Photo from chapter 13, page 352 © CAM Ottawa Citizen/caglecartoons.com/synidicam.com Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Social Penetration Theory A theory suggesting that disclosures in relationships become increasingly intimate as the relationship develops. DEPTH of information shared/deepness BREADTH of information shared/topics Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Social Exchange Theory Why do you form relationships with others? Social exchange theory is based on the assumption that people weigh the costs and benefits associated with entering a relationship and seek out relationships that benefit them, while avoiding those that don’t. Benefits Costs Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Interpersonal Needs Theory This is a theory that provides insight into our motivation to communicate. The theory consists of three needs: Affection The need to feel likeable or loveable. We need to belong and be loved. Inclusion Encompasses our need to feel significant and worthwhile. Control Our motivation for power or influence in our relationship. Picture sent to me by a former student teaching now in Japan. Has given me permission to use it in any way I see fit Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Need for Affection Underpersonal Overpersonal Personal Avoid emotional commitments with others Fear others will not like them as they are Overpersonal Can be possessive and jealous Go to extremes to get acceptance Personal Are at ease and poised with others Are happy without being liked by everyone

Need for Inclusion Undersocial Oversocial Social Do not like to draw attention to themselves Find talking with others threatening Oversocial Dominate conversation Fear being ignored by others Social Are assertive about speaking up Feel comfortable in most situations

Need for Control Abdicrats Autocrats Democrats Submit to others, show little self-confidence Need reinforcement and encouragement Autocrats Show little respect for others Have strong need for control and power Democrats Feel comfortable as leaders or followers Accept other’s suggestions, are open minded

Dialectical Theory: Push and Pull Connection-Autonomy Openness-Closedness Novelty-Predictability Managing Relational Tensions Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Relationships: Getting to Know Others and Ourselves Face-to-face relationships Small talk Connecting with others online Advantages and disadvantages

Face-to-Face Relationships What role does small talk play? Nonthreatening, impersonal Get to know another person Maintain community Interpersonal buffer

Connecting with Others Online Pros and cons? Limitations? Interactions via technology can never replace face-to- face or fulfill interpersonal needs.

Self-Disclosure in Relationships Self-disclosure is voluntarily sharing information about ourselves that another person is not likely to know. Self-presentation Relationship building Catharsis Why do we voluntarily share information about ourselves with others? Photo from chapter 13 page 361 © Denkou Images/Alamy Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Theories of Self-Disclosure Johari’s Window: Developed by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham (1970) Depicts the four levels of knowledge in relationships and how they interact during self-disclosure – Open area, Blind Area, Hidden Area, and Unknown Area

Variation on Johari Window As self-disclosure increases in relationships, the open area becomes larger. The open area represents what is known about the self and others in a relationship.

Things to Consider Too much self-disclosure Can be harmful, risky, unwise, or insensitive Too much self-disclosure When does self-disclosure begin to invade or affect our privacy? Self-disclosure and privacy Disclosure is culturally regulated. Self-disclosure and culture We must be careful about stereotyping. Self-disclosure and gender Situation and factors about the other person are considered before communication begins. Self-disclosure and rhetorical sensitivity Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

VIDEOS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-4XCZ- qQs0&list=PL8A07BCC4F9B7A5E7 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dyQz8jWAl7s