1. PowerPoint™ Presentations prepared by: Naomi Young University of California, San Diego Human Communication: The Basic Course Twelfth Edition Joseph A. DeVito Hunter College of the City University of New York

2. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Chapter Three: The Self In Human Communication Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. 3 Chapter Goals Learn About:   Self-concept, self-awareness, and self-esteem   The Process of self-disclosure   The nature and workings of perception   The way impressions are formed and managed Learn To:   Communicate with a better understanding of who you are   Regulate your self-disclosures and respond appropriately   to the disclosures of others   Increase your own accuracy in perceiving other people   and their messages   Manage the impressions you communicate to others Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

4. The Self and Perception The Self in Human Communication  Self-concept -who you are, how you see yourself  Your feelings and thoughts about your strengths and weaknesses, your abilities and limitations The Sources of Self- Concept  Others image  Your interpretations and evaluations  Social comparisons  Cultural teachings

5. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Looking Glass Self  Image of self that others have revealed to you  Significant others  Generalized others  Self awareness –Your knowledge of who you are

6. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  OPEN Self Open Known to Self Unknown to Self Known to Others Unknown to Others Johari Window

7. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  OPEN Self  BLIND Self Blind Known to Self Unknown to Self Known to Others Unknown to Others Johari Window

8. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  OPEN Self  BLIND Self  UNKNOWN Self Unknown Known to Self Unknown to Self Known to Others Unknown to Others Johari Window

9. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  OPEN Self  BLIND Self  UNKNOWN Self  HIDDEN Self Hidden Known to Self Unknown to Self Known to Others Unknown to Others Johari Window

10. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  OPEN Self  BLIND Self  UNKNOWN Self  HIDDEN Self  Changing images of self Open Unknown Blind Hidden Known to Self Unknown to Self Known to Others Unknown to Others Johari Window

11. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  Listen to others  Increase your “open” self  Seek information about yourself  Dialogue with yourself Growing in Self-Awareness

12. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  How valuable you think you are  Attack self-destructive beliefs  Seek out nourishing people  Work on projects that will result in success  Remind yourself of your successes  Secure affirmation Self-Esteem

13. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Revealing what is usually hidden Self-Disclosure

14. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  Overt statements  Slips of the tongue  Unconscious nonverbal movements  Public confessions Forms of Self-Disclosure

15. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Factors Influencing Self- Disclosure  Who you are  Your culture  Your gender  Your listeners  Your topic and channel

16. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. \  You are more likely to disclose when the person you are with discloses  Leads you to feel more secure and reinforces your own self-disclosing behavior Dyadic Effect

17. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Self Disclosure Rewards of Self- Disclosure  Self-Knowledge  Improve coping abilities  Communication enhancement  More meaningful relationships Guidelines for Making Self-Disclosure  Motivation  Appropriateness  Reciprocal disclosures  Consider the burdens of your disclosure your disclosure

18. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  Personal risks  Relationship risks  Professional risks Dangers of Self-Disclosure Like all communication, self-disclosure is irreversible

19. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Responding to Self- Disclosures  Practice effective and active listening  Support and reinforce  Be willing to reciprocate  Keep disclosures confidential  Don’t use the disclosures against the person Resisting Pressure to Self-Disclose  Don’t be pushed  Be indirect and move to another topic  Be assertive in your refusal to disclose Self Disclosure

20. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Perception  A way of understanding the world  The process by which you make sense out of what is around you  Five stage process -stimulation, organization, interpretation-evaluation, memory, recall

21. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Stage 1 Stimulation  Selective attention  Selective exposure Stage 2 Organization  By rules  By schemata  By scripts The Perception Process

22. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Stage 3 Interpretation- Evaluation  Process is subjective  Perception evaluated based on rules, schemata, and scripts Stage 4 Memory  Stored perceptions and interpretations- evaluations  Not objective  Stored in scripts and schemas The Perception Process

23. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Stage 5 Recall  Reconstruct what you’ve heard in a way that is meaningful to you  Recall information consistent with schemas  Fail to recall information inconsistent with schemas  Recall information that drastically contradicts your schema, may even force you to revise schemas  Self-fulfilling Prophecy  Personality Theory  Primacy-Recency  Consistency  Attribution of Control The Perception Process

24. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Personality Theory  Rules tell you which characteristics go with which other characteristics  “Halo Effect”—infer other positive qualities in people we believe to possess positive qualities  “Reverse Halo Effect”—infer other negative qualities if we believe a person possesses negative qualities

25. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Self-Fulfilling Prophecy  Make a prediction that comes true by acting on it as if it were true –Make a prediction about a person or situation –You act toward that person or situation as if that prediction were true –Because you act as if the belief were true, it becomes true –Observe your effect, reinforces your beliefs

26. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Primacy and Recency Recency Effect –Use later information to make impressions more specific Primacy Effect –What we hear first is most influential for general impression

27. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Attribution of Control  Try to explain the reason or motivation for a person’s behavior  Is it because of personality (internal)?  Is it because of situation (external)?  Increasing Accuracy in Impression Formation  Analyze Impressions  Check Perceptions  Reduce Uncertainty  Increase Cultural Sensitivity

28. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Impression Management  To be Liked: Affinity- seeking and politeness strategies  To be Believed: Credibility Strategies  To Excuse Failure: Self- Handicapping Strategies  To Secure help: Self- Deprecating Strategies  To Hide Faults: Self- Monitoring Strategies  To Be Followed: Influencing Strategies  To Confirm Self- Image: Image Confirming Strategies

29. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Knowledge to Action How have your perceptions affected the way that you have communicated? Consider the last argument you had with someone. Did perception have anything to do with it?