1. Human Communication: The Basic Course Twelfth Edition
PowerPoint™ Presentations prepared by:
Naomi Young
University of California, San Diego
Joseph A. DeVito
Hunter College of the City University of New York

2. Chapter Three: The Self In Human Communication
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3. Chapter Goals Learn About:
Self-concept, self-awareness, and self-esteem
The Process of self-disclosure
The nature and workings of perception
The way impressions are formed and managed
Learn To:
Communicate with a better understanding of who
you are
Regulate your self-disclosures and respond appropriately
to the disclosures of others
Increase your own accuracy in perceiving other people
and their messages
Manage the impressions you communicate to others
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4. The Self and Perception
The Self in Human Communication
Self-concept -who you are, how you see yourself
Your feelings and thoughts about your strengths and weaknesses, your abilities and limitations
The Sources of Self-Concept
Others image
Your interpretations and evaluations
Social comparisons
Cultural teachings
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5. The Looking Glass Self Image of self that others have revealed to you
Significant others
Generalized others
Self awareness
Your knowledge of who you are
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6. Johari Window OPEN Self Open
Known to Self
Unknown to Self
Known to Others
Unknown to Others
Note to Instructor: This slide is animated to bring each self into the window on a <<CLICK>>
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7. Johari Window OPEN Self BLIND Self Blind Known to Self Unknown to Self
Known to Others
Unknown to Others
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8. Johari Window OPEN Self BLIND Self UNKNOWN Self Unknown Known to Self
Unknown to Self
Known to Others
Unknown to Others
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9. Johari Window OPEN Self BLIND Self UNKNOWN Self HIDDEN Self Hidden
Known to Self
Unknown to Self
Known to Others
Unknown to Others
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10. Johari Window OPEN Self BLIND Self UNKNOWN Self HIDDEN Self
Changing images of self
Open
Unknown
Blind
Hidden
Known to Self
Unknown to Self
Known to Others
Unknown to Others
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11. Growing in Self-Awareness
Listen to others
Increase your “open” self
Seek information about yourself
Dialogue with yourself
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12. Self-Esteem How valuable you think you are
Attack self-destructive beliefs
Seek out nourishing people
Work on projects that will result in success
Remind yourself of your successes
Secure affirmation
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13. Self-Disclosure Revealing what is usually hidden
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14. Forms of Self-Disclosure
Overt statements
Slips of the tongue
Unconscious nonverbal movements
Public confessions
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15. Factors Influencing Self-Disclosure
Who you are
Your culture
Your gender
Your listeners
Your topic and channel
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16. Dyadic Effect
You are more likely to disclose when the person you are with discloses
Leads you to feel more secure and reinforces your own self-disclosing behavior
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17. Self Disclosure Guidelines for Making Self-Disclosure
Motivation
Appropriateness
Reciprocal disclosures
Consider the burdens of
your disclosure
Rewards of Self-Disclosure
Self-Knowledge
Improve coping abilities
Communication enhancement
More meaningful relationships
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18. Dangers of Self-Disclosure
Personal risks
Relationship risks
Professional risks
Like all communication, self-disclosure is irreversible
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19. Self Disclosure Responding to Self-Disclosures
Practice effective and active listening
Support and reinforce
Be willing to reciprocate
Keep disclosures confidential
Don’t use the disclosures against the person
Resisting Pressure to Self-Disclose
Don’t be pushed
Be indirect and move to another topic
Be assertive in your refusal to disclose
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20. Perception A way of understanding the world
The process by which you make sense out of what is around you
Five stage process -stimulation, organization, interpretation-evaluation, memory, recall
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21. The Perception Process
Stage 1 Stimulation
Selective attention
Selective exposure
Stage 2 Organization
By rules
By schemata
By scripts
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22. The Perception Process
Stage 3 Interpretation-Evaluation
Process is subjective
Perception evaluated based on rules, schemata, and scripts
Stage 4 Memory
Stored perceptions and interpretations- evaluations
Not objective
Stored in scripts and schemas
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23. The Perception Process
Stage 5 Recall
Reconstruct what you’ve heard in a way that is meaningful to you
Recall information consistent with schemas
Fail to recall information inconsistent with schemas
Recall information that drastically contradicts your schema, may even force you to revise schemas
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
Personality Theory
Primacy-Recency
Consistency
Attribution of Control
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24. Personality Theory
Rules tell you which characteristics go with which other characteristics
“Halo Effect”—infer other positive qualities in people we believe to possess positive qualities
“Reverse Halo Effect”—infer other negative qualities if we believe a person possesses negative qualities
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25. Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Make a prediction that comes true by acting on it as if it were true
Make a prediction about a person or situation
You act toward that person or situation as if that prediction were true
Because you act as if the belief were true, it becomes true
Observe your effect, reinforces your beliefs
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26. Primacy and Recency Primacy Effect
What we hear first is most influential for general impression
Recency Effect
Use later information to make impressions more specific
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27. Attribution of Control
Try to explain the reason or motivation for a person’s behavior
Is it because of personality (internal)?
Is it because of situation (external)?
Increasing Accuracy in Impression Formation
Analyze Impressions
Check Perceptions
Reduce Uncertainty
Increase Cultural Sensitivity
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28. Impression Management
To be Liked: Affinity-seeking and politeness strategies
To be Believed: Credibility Strategies
To Excuse Failure: Self- Handicapping Strategies
To Secure help: Self-Deprecating Strategies
To Hide Faults: Self-Monitoring Strategies
To Be Followed: Influencing Strategies
To Confirm Self-Image: Image Confirming Strategies
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29. Knowledge to Action
How have your perceptions affected the way that you have communicated?
Consider the last argument you had with someone. Did perception have anything to do with it?
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