“Domestic policy can only defeat us. Foreign policy can kill us.” - J O H N F. K E N N E D Y

American Foreign Policy Foreign Policy: Strategies and goals that guide a nations relations with other countries and groups in the world. The American Goal: Protect America and American Interests In 2014, what does that look like? Where have we been and where are we going?

What is foreign policy? What are the strategies? Diplomacy, economic aid, technical assistance or military intervention What is our National Security Policy? Designed to primarily protect the US Focused on defense of the US “homeland” or potential enemies both foreign and domestic.

How does the President make foreign policy decision? The President works with his advisors and listens to their advice, but he ultimately makes many decisions on his own. Secretary of State Secretary of Defense (*NOT an active member of the military) National Security Advisor CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)

The President’s Top Advisors Which advisors need Senate confirmation? Chief of Staff Denis McDonough Secretary of State John Kerry Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel National Security Advisor Tom Donilon Vice President Joe Biden No Senate confirmation needed! Senate confirmation needed Senate confirmation needed! No Senate confirmation needed! Chosen by President to be his running mate

Who makes foreign policy? Constitutional Powers of the President: Article II vests the executive power of the government w/ the president and the role of Commander in Chief Article II – Section 2: power to make treaties & executive agreements, appoint ambassadors Informal Techniques of the President: Open access to information (CIA, State Dept., Defense Dept.) “Power of the Purse” Influence Congress to appropriate funds that are allocated for different programs/countries. Influence on public opinion – “going public” Scare tactics

Other sources of foreign policymaking Department of State: (Executive Agency) Supervises US international relations Staffs embassies and consulates Power is in decline since FDR National Security Council: (NSC, 1947) Advises President on integration of “domestic, foreign, and military policies relating to the national security” Consists of President, VP, Secretaries of State & Defense, directory of emergency planning, chairperson of the joint chief of staff, and the director of the CIA Diplomacy Military Develop options

Raid on Osama Bin Laden 5/2011 Situation Room the night of the Osama Bin Laden raid by the Navy Seals http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/09/world/death-of-osama-bin-laden-fast-facts/

Other sources of foreign policymaking The Intelligence Community Department of Defense Consists of the 40+ gov’t agencies that are involved in intelligence activities. CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) NSA (National Security Agency) DIA (Defense Intelligence Agency) FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) Army Intelligence Air Force Intelligence DEA (Drug Enforcement Agency) Military-Industrial Complex: Relationship between the defense establishment and arms manufactures All military actives under the jurisdiction of a single department head Secretary Defense Panetta and *Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (*High ranking military officer)

Domestic Sources of foreign Policy Elite and Mass Opinion – public opinion influences the making of foreign policy through a number of channels Elites in American business, education, communication, labor, and religion try to influence presidential decision making through several strategies. Influence foreign policy through the general public by encouraging debate over foreign policy positions, publicizing the issues, and using the media.

Congress Can Check the President The Senate ratifies treaties (2/3 vote) and approves cabinet members Only Congress can declare war (only 5x!) War Powers Act 1974 (The President can send troops for 60 days, can extend for 30 days, but then needs Congress to approve) Power of the Purse $$$ – Congress Public Opinion & The Media