Industrial Revolution & Age of Reform Urban Game Follow-up.

Revolution Begins 1st in Farming?! Agricultural Revolution- Wealthy landowners began to enclose fields with fences and hedges Called Enclosure Movement Movement had two effects: New agricultural methods developed Small farmers forced to become tenants of larger farmers or move to city

Agricultural Revolution Crop rotation was one of the most important developments Farmers planted a different crop each year allowing the soil to retain its nutrients Production Increased

1st Industrial Revolution (1750-1850) Definition – 1st - transition from making manufactured goods from home with simple tools to making them in factories with machines

2nd Industrial Revolution (1850-1920) 2nd IR – a revolution in how goods are made & transported 1st – iron; 2nd – steel 1st – ships/wagons 2nd – railroads & steamships

The revolution begins in England; WHY? Begins in England because: GEOGRAPHY 1. England had water power and coal to fuel new machines 2. Had iron ore to construct buildings, machines, etc. Rivers gave inland access for transportation Harbors from which ships could sails

Why England (con’t)? In addition to natural resources, England had expanding economy Strong economy was necessary to spur industrialization Bank loans were available Had growing overseas trade England had all the FACTORS OF PRODUCTION needed for industrial growth Factors = land, labor & capital ($)

Changes in ways of life Urbanization = growth of cities 1800-1850: # of cities with 100,000+ people grew from 22 to 47 London became Europe’s largest city with over 1 million people by 1800 Living conditions: There were no sanitary (clean) or building safety codes Cities lacked adequate housing, education, and police protection (unprepared) Entire families often lived in one room

Changes in ways of life Working Conditions: Class Tensions: Average worker spent 14 hours a day – 6 days x week @ work Factories were dark and dirty There was no health or unemployment insurance Injuries were common Class Tensions: A new Middle Class developed Made up of skilled workers, business people and professionals

Class Tensions Upper class landowners looked down on those who worked for a living Poor workers saw little improvement in their standard of living Many workers were replaced by machines Luddites: workers in England who rioted between 1811-1816 Would secretly wreck cotton power looms and wool shearing machines

Effects of Industrialization Rise of global inequality – Widened the gap between industrialized (haves) and non-industrialized nations (have nots) Gave rise to colonization and imperialism by powerful countries Changed lives: Life expectancy increased Prices of goods declines Education and participation in govt. was available to more people

Laissez-Faire Economics Laissez-faire = “Let people do as they please” LF= economic policy letting businesses governing themselves Adam Smith & Co. argued: Free Trade/Markets beneficial Govt. regulations like minimum wage/high tariffs harmful “Invisible Hand” or consumer regulates the economy (The customer is always right!) Capitalism: economic system in which $ is privately invested in business with goal of making $ - corporations operate themselves with little to no gov’t regulation

Rise of Socialism Utilitarianism: Philosophy where people judge actions based on its usefulness (basis for socialism) UTIL = Govt. should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest # of people Socialism: Economic system in which factors of productions (land/labor/ capital) are owned by the public (gov’t) and operate for the welfare of all Socialists argued that the govt. should actively plan the economy rather than depend on free market capitalism

Communism Karl Marx & Fredrich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto According to Marx, the Industrial Revolution had caused a conflict between the haves (wealthy owners) and the have nots (poor workers) Marx believed Capitalism would eventually destroy itself, because the majority (workers) would eventually revolt against the few (owners) Workers would then decide to distribute wealth equally Communism: Form of complete socialism in which the people (govt.) would control all factors of production and wealth would be shared equally (what separates it from traditional socialism)