1. Industrial Revolution
By Mrs. Hoff

2. The Beginnings of Industrialization
Main idea: The Industrial Revolution started in England and soon spread elsewhere.
The changes that began in Britain paved the way for modern industrial societies.

3. The Industrial Revolution Begins
Definition:
Industrial Revolution: The shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine.

4. The Industrial Revolution Begins
How it started:
Improvements in farming methods in the 1700s boost crop yields and lead to enclosed lands.
Enclosure movement
Crop rotation

5. The Industrial Revolution Begins
Many small farmers loose their land, move to the city, and become urban workers.

6. The Industrial Revolution Begins
Britain possesses ideal conditions for the growth of industry:
Land
Labor
Capital

8. Inventions Spur Technological Growth
Key inventions revolutionize industry during the 18th and 19th century.
Textiles
Cotton cloth
Transportation
Leads to the construction of canals, roads, and railroads.

9. The Industrial Revolution Begins
Some reasons why productivity increase:
Specialization and division of labor
More and better capital goods
Better energy sources
Better technology
Better transportation

10. Industrialization changes ways of life
Industrialization leads to economic growth and urbanization.
Urbanization: city building and the movement of people to cities.

11. Industrialization changes ways of life
London:
Living conditions are hard
No sanitation
No building codes
Overcrowding
Short life span

12. Industrialization changes ways of life
Industry generates wealth for some but hardships for others.
As divisions between the rich and poor grow, class tensions escalate.

13. The Mills of Manchester – An Example
Manchester became an example of the new industrial city.
Water power, ready labor, and the sea by Liverpool made it possible.
The city grew quickly – unplanned growth left the city filthy.
Standard of living eventually raises for all.

14. Manchester

15. Industrialization changes ways of life
Textile factories produced great wealth for mill owners.
Business owners risked money, but made huge profits.

16. Industrialization changes ways of life
Workers and the environment suffered the effects of industrialization.
Pollution of the environment: moths
Terrible working conditions:
Sadler Committee

17. Industrialization Spreads
Industrial Development in the US
Favorable conditions
British machinery spreads
Growth of railroads fuels American Industry

18. Industrialization Spreads
Industrialization Reaches Continental Europe
War and unrest delay the growth for awhile
French Revolution and wars
Political disunity in Germany
Social Structures
Geographic Problems

19. Industrialization Spreads
Belgium is the first country in Europe to industrialize, followed by Germany.
Other parts of Europe start to develop industry in the mid-1800s, although progress is slow in some areas.

20. Industrialization Spreads
Worldwide Impact of Industrialization
The Industrial Revolution widens the gap between more – developed and less- developed nations.
Industrialized countries exploit overseas colonies for resources and markets.
Over time, standards of living rise in the industrial nations.

21. How has industry changed in your lifetime?

22. An Age of Reforms
Main idea: The Industrial Revolution led to economic, social, and political reforms.
Many modern social welfare programs developed during this period.

23. The Philosophers of Industrialization
Laissez-faire thinkers supported a free market and opposed government regulation.
Laissez-faire: the idea that government should not interfere with or regulate industries and businesses.
Capitalism: economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit.

24. The Philosophers of Industrialization
Adam Smith: wrote The Wealth of Nations. Book says that if government doesn’t interfere in the economy then the economy will grow endlessly.

25. The Philosophers of Industrialization
Thomas Malthus: argued that population will increase more rapidly than the food supply, so wars and epidemics are needed to kill off the excess population (survival of the fittest).
Quote: “The superior power of population cannot be checked without producing misery or vice”.

26. The Philosophers of Industrialization
David Ricardo: argues that the world will always need a poor underclass since they provide cheap labor which keeps prices down.

27. The Rise of Socialism
Some thinkers oppose laissez- faire policies and favor government efforts to improve people’s lives.

28. The Rise of Socialism
Utilitarianism: The theory that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill
They wanted reforms in prisons, voting, cooperative agriculture, etc.

29. The Rise of Socialism
Socialists and Marxists propose state controls to achieve social and economic equality.
Socialism: the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.

30. The Rise of Socialism
Marxism: Karl Marx and Frederich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto, which argued human societies have always been divided into warring classes – the bourgeoisie (middle class owners) and the proletariat (workers). These men believed that the workers would eventually unite and destroy the system of injustice.

31. The Rise of Socialism
Communism: a form of socialism in which the means of production – all lands, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses – would be owned by the people. Private property would cease to exist. All goods and services would be shared equally.

32. Unionization and Legislative Reform
Workers organize unions to raise wages and improve conditions.
Collective bargaining: negotiations between workers and their employees.
Strike: refusal to work
Unions: workers who are joined together in voluntary associations.

33. Unionization and Legislative Reform
Industrialization spurs the growth of various reform movements.
The abolitionist movement helps to end slavery in most countries by the late 1800s.
Women fight for their rights, while education and prison reform make strides.

34. Checking for comprehension
T or F: The crop rotation system developed in Britain during the agricultural revolution increased crop yields because it increased nutrients in the soil.

35. Checking for comprehension
The first sector to undergo major industrialization was the textile industry.

36. Checking for comprehension
Britain had all the factors need for production:
L___________
C___________

37. Checking for comprehension
Name three things that improved because of the Industrial Revolution.
Now, name three problems that occurred because of the Industrial Revolution.

38. Checking for comprehension
Who defended the capitalist system in his book The Wealth of Nations?

39. Checking for comprehension
Who is Karl Marx?