AN ERA OF SOCIAL CHANGE Chapter 23

Latinos are Spanish-speaking Americans. During the 1960’s, the Latino population in the U.S. tripled …from 3 million to more than 9 million.

Still others came as temporary laborers during the 1940’s & 1950’s. Mexican Americans always have made up the largest group of Latinos.

But the Latino population explosion also included, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and Central Americans

In the 1960’s Latinos began to demand equal rights & respect. 1 such group was Mexican-American farm workers. These men & women worked on California’s fruit & vegetable farms. They often worked long hours for little pay.

Cesar Chavez was the group’s leader Cesar Chavez was the group’s leader. Chavez believed that the farm workers should organize into a union. Chavez believed that the farm workers should organize into a union, used similar peaceful protest methods like MLK

Latinos also wanted greater recognition of their culture Latinos also wanted greater recognition of their culture. Puerto Ricans demanded that schools offer classes taught in their native languages. In 1968, Congress passed the Bilingual Education Act. This law funded bilingual & cultural programs for students who didn’t speak English.

Jose Angel Gutierrez, for example, started La Raza Unida (the United People Party). The party ran Latino candidates & won positions in city government offices.

Native Americans wanted greater opportunity to control their own lives. In 1961, representatives from 61 Native American groups met to discuss their concerns. They demanded the right to choose their own way of life.

In 1968, President Johnson responded to their demands. He created the Natl’ Council on Indian Opportunity. The goal was to make sure that government programs reflected the needs & desires of Native Americans.

Many young Native Americans weren’t satisfied w/the government’s new policies. They wanted greater reform & wanted to quickly. As a result, some young Native Americans formed the American Indian Movement (AIM). They demanded greater rights for Native Americans. At times, they used violence to make their point.

Women Fight for Equality Section 2

The theory behind the women’s movement of the 1960’s was feminism. This was the belief that women should have economic, political, & social equality with men.

The women’s movement arose during the 1960’s for several reasons…. 1st, a growing # of women entered the work force. In the workplace, many women received less pay than men even for the same job.

2nd, women had become actively involved in both the civil rights & antiwar movements. These movements led women to take action on behalf of their own behalf.

In 1963, Betty Friedan published The Feminine Mystique.

This book expressed the discontent that many women were feeling. Friedan’s book helped to unite a number of women throughout the nation.

The organization also pressured the federal government to enforce a ban on gender discrimination in hiring. The government responded by declaring that male-only job ads were illegal.

As a result, several all-male colleges opened their doors to women. In 1972, Congress passed a ban on gender discrimination in higher education. As a result, several all-male colleges opened their doors to women.

In 1973, the Supreme Court’s decision in the case Roe v In 1973, the Supreme Court’s decision in the case Roe v. Wade granted women the right to choose an abortion

In addition, the women’s movement angered many of the nation’s conservatives. In response, these conservatives joined together to form a movement called the “New Right”

This movement emphasized traditional social, cultural, & moral values. NEW RIGHT Throughout the 1970’s, the New Right gained support for its social conservatism.

But the influence of the women’s movement could be seen in the workplace as more women started careers instead of staying home w/their children.

Culture & Counterculture Section 3

These Americans were part of a movement known as the counterculture. During the 1960’s, many young people adopted values that differed from those of mainstream society. These Americans were part of a movement known as the counterculture.

The movement was made up mostly of white middle-class youth. Members of the counterculture were known as “hippies.”

Many hippies shared some of the beliefs of the New Left Many hippies shared some of the beliefs of the New Left. They took part in demonstrations against the Vietnam War. However, a majority of hippies chose to turn their backs on America. They wanted to establish a new society based on peace & love.

The main characteristics of the hippie culture were rock ‘n’ roll, colorful clothes, & the use of drugs. Many also chose to live in large groups called communes. Many hippies moved to San Francisco’s Haight-Ashbury district. This community was popular mainly b/c of the availability of drugs.

After a few years, the counterculture movement began to decline After a few years, the counterculture movement began to decline. Some aspects of the movement became violent. More than anything else, hippies eventually found that they couldn’t survive outside mainstream America. They needed $ to live.

The Manson Family

The movement affected the worlds of art & fashion The movement affected the worlds of art & fashion. The 60’s saw the rise of popular, or pop, art. One celebrated pop artist was Andy Warhol. His work was characterized by bright, simple, commercial looking images such as portraits of soup cans & other icons of mass culture.

These images were repeated to look mass-produced as a criticism of the times. They implied that individual freedoms had been lost to a “cookie-cutter” lifestyle.

The most lasting legacy of the counterculture movement was its music. Rock ‘n’ roll continues to be a popular form of entertainment.

A dramatic example of rock ‘n’ roll’s popularity was an event known as Woodstock. This was a massive outdoor rock concert in upstate New York that occurred during the summer of ’69.

More than 400,000 people attended….far more than expected. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=StFhvAIv3Js&list=RDStFhvAIv3Js&index=1 For 3 days, popular bands & musicians performed. Despite the crowd, however, the festival was peaceful & well organized.

Before this time, few Americans discussed these topics. The counterculture movement affected Americans’ social attitudes as well. The American media began to address the subjects of sex & violence. Before this time, few Americans discussed these topics.

Mainstream America’s anger toward the counterculture affected the country’s political scene. In 1968, the Republicans nominated Richard Nixon as their presidential candidate.

Nixon ran on a platform of law & order, & conservative values. Richard Nixon campaign rally His ideas appealed to many voters.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7qkQewyubs