PRESENTED BY: DEEPTI AHUJA OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST AMITY UNIVERSITY HAND DEVELOPMENT PRESENTED BY: DEEPTI AHUJA OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST AMITY UNIVERSITY

Growth is the increase in size of the body – in height, weight and other measurable areas. Development is the gaining of skills in all aspects of the child’s life.

Need to know development Knowledge of child development can help you understand how to work with children who have very different potentials. Also help you plan appropriate activities that aid children in successfully developing new skills.

Areas of Development 3 Areas Physical Cognitive (includes communication) Social Emotional

Physical Development Changes in bone thickness, Changes vision, hearing, and muscles Changes in size and weight Physical skills, such as crawling, walking, and writing, are the result of physical development.

Physical Development Gross-motor development involves Improvement of skills using the large muscles in the legs and arms. Such activities as running, skipping, and bike riding fall into this category. Fine-motor development involves the Small muscles of the hands and fingers. Grasping, holding, cutting, and drawing are some activities that require fine motor development.

Cognitive Development Sometimes called intellectual development, Refers to processes people use to gain knowledge. Language, thought, reasoning, and imagination planning, remembering, and problem solving. As children mature and gain experience with their world, these skills develop.

Social Emotional Delopment Learning to relate to others is social development. Emotional development, on the other hand, involves feelings and expression of feelings. Trust, fear, confidence, pride, friendship, and humor are all part of social-emotional development

Principles of Development Cephalocaudal principle Proximodistal principle All development happens in the same order, but can occur at different rates. All areas of development are linked together

For example, Think about the way an infant waves its arms and legs. In a young infant, these movements are random. In several months, the infant will likely be able to grab a block with his or her whole hand. In a little more time, the same infant will grasp a block with the thumb and forefinger.

Stages of Hand development Infancy: 0 – 1 year 0–4 Weeks 3–4 Months Proceeds from head to foot and central part to extremities. Sucks reflexively. Visually tracks to midline. Lifts head when held upright. Prone: lifts head momentarily—rolls from stomach to back. Pulls to sit without head lag. Grasps rattle.

5–6 Months 6–9 Months 9–12 Months GROSS MOTOR Reaches for objects. Inspects objects with hands, eyes, and mouth. Creeps. Sits without support. Pulls to stand to cruise furniture. Crawls on all fours. Attains sitting position unaided. Stands momentarily. Takes first steps. FINE MOTOR Transfers objects hand to hand. Bangs with spoon. Finger feeds part of meal. Shakes bell. Holds, bites, and chews a cracker. Grasps string with thumb and forefinger. Beats two spoons together. Begins to use index finger to point and poke.

Toddlers Fine motor development 12 -18 MONTHS 18-24 MON THS Builds tower of 2 cubes. Scribbles spontaneously or by imitation. Holds cup. Puts raisin or pellet in bottle. Turns book pages, 2–3 at a time. Holds spoon. Builds tower of 4–6 cubes. Tries to fold paper imitatively. Places rings on spindle toy. Turns pages singly. Turns knobs (television).

24-30 MONTHS 30-36 MONTHS FINE MOTOR Holds pencil with thumb and forefingers. Zips and unzips. Builds tower of 6–8 cubes. Turns book pages singly. Can zip and unzip.

FINE MOTOR SKILLS OF PRESCHOOLERS 3 YEAR OLD 4 YEAR OLD 5 YEAR OLD Copies circle. Imitates cross. Builds with Legos, bristle blocks, etc. Builds tower of 10 cubes. Spontaneously draws. Handedness may shift. Imitates snipping with scissors. Copies cross and square. Attempts to cut on straight line. Has established hand dominance. “Writes” on page at random. May try to print own name. Draws person—arms and legs directly from head. Handedness firmly established. Colors within lines. Cuts on line. Copies circle, square, and triangle. Can do pasting or gluing. Draws within small areas. Ties knot in string after demonstration.

FINE MOTOR SKILLS IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL: 6 YEAR OLD 7 YEAR OLD 8 YEAR OLD Ties own shoes. Makes simple, recognizable drawings. Has well-developed small muscles. Has well-developed hand-eye coordination. Draws triangle in good proportion. Copies vertical and horizontal diamonds. Holds pencil, toothbrush, and tools less tensely. Enjoys exercise of both large and small muscles.