Chapter 16

North (N) = Free (F) = Union (U) South (S) = Slave (SL) = Confederacy (C) or Confederate States of America (CSA)

1) How did the Civil War Erupt? In your groups answer the following questions. Start on page 511. A) What does erupt mean? B) What was the problem with Fort Sumter? C) What was Lincoln’s Dilemma? What’s a dilemma? What did Lincoln decide? D) How did the C react to Lincoln's action? E) How was the conclusion to the situation? F) What’s a casualty?

1) How did the Civil war erupt? A) In this usage erupt means to start. B) Fort Sumter was a Union (U) fort in Confederate (C) territory. C) If he sent in supplies he could risk war If he didn’t send supplies he would surrender the fort & he would look weak giving into the C. Lincoln sent supplies

D) The C fired on the fort, and after 34 hours of shelling (cannon fire), the U surrendered the fort. There were no casualties. E) Injury, death, taken prisoner, or missing in action (MIA) After the battle of Fort Sumter, Lincoln asked for 75,000 troops to fight. 4 more slave states seceded after Lincoln asked for troops. A total of 11 states have now seceded.

2) What was the C’s battle plan? (513) What was the C’s strategy? A defensive strategy, not go on the attack Why did the C want to use this strategy? If the U had to fight a long war the support for the war would lessen. Also, easier to defend than attack. Also, hope for military support from Great Britain and France because those countries needed cotton. C went to combination offensive and defensive strategy.

3) What was the U’s Battle plan? What was the U’s Battle plan named? The Union’s strategy for winning the war was called the Anaconda Plan. What was the plan’s purpose? Its purpose was to squeeze or strangle the C’s economy. Keep the C from having $ for the war.

There are three parts of the plan There are three parts of the plan. What was the reason for each part of the plan? 1. Set up a naval blockade along the Confederate coastline to prevent supplies from coming in. 2. Take control of the Mississippi River to cut the Confederacy in two. 3. Capture the capitol of Richmond, Virginia.

4) Explain the Strengths and Weaknesses of the C and U? Strengths of the Union:   Weaknesses of the Union Large population (22 mill) Larger army 2. 85% of nations factories Make more supplies for the war. 3. 70% of nations railroad lines. Be able to transport supplies and troops faster. 4. Large navy: Better able to blockade the Confederacy Long supply lines: Takes longer to get supplies and supplies could be stolen or destroyed by Confederacy Fewer good military leaders. Poor battle plans, fewer victories, more casualties. Soldiers fighting an offensive war. Use up supplies and lose more soldiers

Strengths of the Confederacy Weaknesses of the Confederacy Large geographical area: more area to hide Good generals: better battle plans, more victories Soldiers fighting a defensive war to protect their homeland: fight more fiercely. Smaller population (5.5 mil): smaller army Few factories: less able to make supplies for war effort Fewer railroads: couldn’t get supplies and troops moved as quickly. No naval power: could not break through blockade to get supplies

5) What lessons were learned at the battle of Bull Run? The 1st Battle of Bull Run was the “1st Major Battle.” The battle is in VA on July 16, 1861. The three lessons learned at the 1st Battle of Bull Run were: The fighting would be bloody: almost 5,000 casualties The war would not be over quickly Confederate soldiers would fight fiercely to defend the Confederacy. ***General Thomas J. Jackson’s got his nickname “Stonewall”

6) Explain three ways technology caused the Civil War to differ from previous conflicts. Improvements in weapons due to the use of the rifle and minie ball allowed them to shoot farther and more accurately resulting in more casualties. Ironclads also changed naval warfare. They were faster and better protected than wooden ships. Railroads helped move supplies and soldiers faster, and trench warfare and grenades helped soldiers to protect themselves and inflict damage on the enemy without a formal assault.

7) What were the battles of the west and why were they important to the Union plan? The U fought three battles in the western Tennessee; Fort Donalson, Fort Henry, and Shiloh. Although there were heavy casualties in Shiloh the U was able to secure the Northern section of the Mississippi River. At a similar time Admiral Farragut captured New Orleans at the mouth of the Mississippi. Only a stretch of the Mississippi River by Vicksburg, MS was still in the hands of the C. Controlling the Mississippi River was part of the Anaconda Plan. If the Union could take the MS River the U could split the C in two.

8) Why did Lee take the war to the North? Lee took the war to the North because he was on a winning streak and the U was at a low point: 1. He hoped a victory would force Lincoln into peace talks. 2. The invasion would give Virginia farmers a rest during harvest season. 3. The C soldiers would be able to steal food from the North. 4. The victory would convince Britain and France to side and support the C.

8) continued Unfortunately for the C the plans for the Battle of Antietam in Maryland were accidently left at a campsite by a C soldier and discovered by the U. The plans were delivered to U General George McClellan and the battle was the bloodiest day in American history – 23,000 men were dead or wounded and ¼ of Lee’s army was lost. (Sept. 1862) He retreated, and the cautious McClellan failed to follow, which frustrated Lincoln who fired him.