Learning Chapter 5 Presentation:Fajr Harris Presenter:Daniel Rodriguez

What is Learning? Learning: Relatively permanent change in behavior , that is brought about by experience Behaviorism: The theory of learning focuses solely on observable behaviors

Types of Learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Social Observational Learning Cognitive Factors In Learning

Classical Conditioning A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response . Stimulus Response

Ivan Pavlov was a Russian psychologist Developed the principles for classical conditioning Known for his famous experiment Pavlov’s Dogs

Pavlov’s Dogs Experiment

Key Terms Neutral Stimulus- a stimulus that before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest: Bell Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) - a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned :Food Unconditioned Response (UCR)- a response that is natural and needs no training: Salvation Conditioned Stimulus(CS)- a once neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus(Food) to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus: Bell Conditioned Response(CR) - a response that,after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus : Salivation

Applying Conditioning Principles to Human Behavior Behaviorist, John B. Watson and his student, Rosalie Rayner applied classical conditioning through “The Little Albert Experiment” .

Effects of Classical Conditioning (Humans) Phobias- Little Albert was afraid of rats and other animals and things associated with it Post Traumatic Stress Disorder- sometimes soldiers / veterans have bad memories and may associate loud sounds or people with scenarios that occurred during war which can trigger depression, hallucinations, outburst etc. Drug Addiction- some addicts may associate places/people/objects with drugs and the happy feelings that came with the use. Seeing a trigger can cause a craving for the drug

Extinction Acquisition First Extinction Period Pause A basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears The Process Acquisition First Extinction Period Pause Spontaneous Recovery Extinction

CR Conditioned Response CS Conditioned Stimulus US Unconditioned Stimulus

Generalization Discrimination Two or more different stimulus produce a similar response Ex. Little Albert feared white rats and associated his fear with objects and animals that reminded him ie. monkey, Santa Claus mask, rabbit Two or more different stimulus produce a different response Ex. Red light means stop Green Light means go Yellow means slow down

Thorndike’s Law of Effect A law developed by Edward L. Thorndike that states, "responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation."

Operant Conditioning Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened ,depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequence.

Big Bang Theory- Operant Conditioning

Skinner B.F Skinner thought that people’s personalities are formed from response tendencies and that consequences shape those responses: Skinner’s Box : is an apparatus used to study animal behavior , was a variation of Thorndike’s Puzzle Box

Key Words Reinforcement- the process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceded behavior will be repeated Reinforcer-any stimulus that increases that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again Positive Reinforcer-a stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response Negative Reinforcer-an unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future Punishment-a stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again, there is positive and negative punishment Shaping- the process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Examples Safe Driving (Goal Behavior) Positive Reinforcement: Receive Gas Card Negative Reinforcement: The Seatbelt Buzzer Positive Punishment: Speeding Ticket Negative Punishment: Taking away a license Making Curfew(Goal Behavior) Positive Reinforcement- Receive Praise from parent Negative Reinforcement- extending the curfew next time Positive Punishment- Parent Yelling Negative Punishment- Taking away the car

Cognitive Factors in Learning

Cognitive Learning Theory The approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought process that underlie learning. Types of Learning Latent Learning Observational Learning

Latent Learning Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it The rats that were never rewarded food made the most errors. The rats that were awarded food made the least. Rats that were awarded food after 11th day had an immediate reduction in errors made.

Social Observational Learning Learning by observing the behavior of another person or model. Albert Bandura- examined the principles of observational learning ( known as Social Learning Theory)

Social Observational Learning Continued This occurs when an observer changes after viewing the behavior of a model Steps for Observational learning Attention Memory Imitation Motivation

The Bobo Doll Experiment The children wanted to behave like the model. Picked up actions and mannerisms. They wanted to be the model.

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