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Learning.

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Presentation on theme: "Learning."— Presentation transcript:

1 Learning

2 What is Learning? a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

3 Behaviorism The psychological domain that argues that psychology should be an objective science

4 Pavlov Russian scientist that studied the affect of salivation on digestion Problem: Dogs would start salivating before they got food. Solution: Forget the digestion, let’s study learning!

5 Learning Pavlov noticed the dogs salivated naturally when they ate.
He paired bringing food with ringing a tone. After a while he rang the tone, but didn’t bring food. What did the dogs do?

6 Classical Conditioning
A form of learning where an organism learns to associate stimuli

7 4 Parts of Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)- something that causes a natural response Unconditioned Response (UCR)- what happens naturally as a result of the UCS Conditioned Stimulus (CS)- a previously neutral stimulus that, after learning, produces the natural response Conditioned Response (CR)- same as UCR, but in response to the CS

8 4 Parts of Pavlov UCS- UCR- CS- CR-

9

10 4 Parts of Pavlov UCS- Food UCR- Salivation CS- Tone CR- Salivation

11 Other examples? Flinching when seeing lightning Shocking animals after a tone Fear of drawing/tests

12 Parts of Learning

13 Parts of Learning Acquisition- gaining learning
Extinction- when the CS is no longer paired with the UCS, learning is lost Spontaneous recovery- after extinction, if one waits awhile, learning can come back

14 Generalization Conditioned responses occurring for similar stimuli (even ones that aren’t conditioned) Example: Children fearing cars and learn to avoid motorcycles and trucks as well

15 Discrimination The ability to tell the difference between stimuli
Example: Being afraid of pit bulls but not beagles

16 Examples of Classical Conditioning
OI (John Watson, Little Albert) he_Office_Conditioning&video_id= (The Office)

17 Aversive Conditioning
Using classical conditioning to keep animals (people) away from harmful substances Developed by Garcia after studying taste aversions in rats What things won’t you eat any more?

18 Applications of Classical Conditioning
Teaching people new things Psych Therapy Aversive Conditioning

19 Operant Conditioning A type of learning that teaches using reinforcement and punishment

20 B.F. Skinner English major who decided to study psychology as a graduate student Focused on Thorndike’s law of effect: rewarded behaviors will likely be continued Taught animals tricks

21 Principles of Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement- Something that causes a behavior to increase Positive- good behavior results in a reward Negative- good behavior results in taking away something bad Punishment- Something that causes a behavior to decrease

22 Shaping When behavior is trained through closer and closer approximations

23 Types of Reinforcement
Primary- innately satisfying (meets a need) Food Secondary- paired with primary to become satisfying Money Immediate- happens right now Get a treat for answering a question Delayed- reward comes in the future Graduating high school

24 Reinforcement Schedules
Fixed-interval- behavior is reinforced for the first desired response after a specific time Baking time on a cake Variable-interval- behavior is reinforced for the first desired response after a variable time length Getting Fixed-ratio- behavior is reinforced after a specific number of responses You can take a break from homework after completing 2 assignments Variable-ratio- behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable amount of responses Traveling salesperson

25 Punishment Reduces behavior Why? Applying something undesirable
Taking away something desirable

26 Motivation Extrinsic- Outside of you Rewards and punishments
Intrinsic- Inside of you Event is valuable for its own sake

27 Legacies of BF Skinner Computers at school Rewards at school/work
Child-rearing

28 Cognition in learning Sometimes we learn without being conditioned
Known as latent learning

29 Observational Learning
We learn things from watching others Monkey see, monkey do

30 Albert Bandura Bobo Doll experiment
Children watched a video of an adult beating up a Bobo doll Children beat up the Bobo doll com/watch?v=eqNaLe rMNOE

31 Biological Basis? Mirror Neurons- fire when performing an action or see someone else doing it Provides the foundation for observational learning

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