1. Learning

2. Learning Learning is achieved through experience.
Humans learn all of the time
3 major types of learning:
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Observational learning

3. Classical Conditioning
A learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
Timing is critical!
Ivan Pavlov-Physiologist
Experiment with the dogs. The dogs salivated at the sound of the bell.

4. Classical Conditioning Letters
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): a stimulus that causes a response that is automatic not learned. (food)
Unconditioned Response (UCR): the automatic response (salivation)
Conditioned response (CR): a learned response to a stimulus that was neutral or meaningless. (salivation)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): a learned stimulus (bell)

6. Taste Aversions A learned avoidance to a particular food
Ex: You eat a burger, you get sick. You associate the sickness with the burger. You never ever want to eat a burger again.
It only takes one time to create a taste aversion.
It can last for a very long time!

7. Extinction The disappearance of the CR when a UCS
no longer follows a CS.
When Pavlov rang bell but did not follow with meat the dogs eventually stopped salivating.

8. Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance of a extinguished CR after some time has passed.
If Pavlov started ringing bell again and following it with meat after a few days, dogs will start salivating again.

9. Generalization
The act of responding in the same way to a stimulus that seem to be similar.

10. Discrimination
The ability to distinguish the conditioned stimulus from other stimuli that are similar.

11. Flooding
A person is exposed to a harmless stimuli until fear responses to that fear are extinguished.
Helps with fears but can be unpleasant
Based on the idea of extinction
Effective

12. Systematic Desensitization
People are gradually exposed to whatever stimulus they fear while they remain relaxed.
An alternative to flooding

13. Counterconditioning
A pleasant stimulus is paired repeatedly with a fearful one counteracting the fear.
Helps overcome fears
Peter and treats example.

14. Applications Can help people overcome fears (phobias)
Children and bed wetting
Classical conditioning as told by Frasier Crane

15. Tips to Remember Change the term “conditioned” to “learned”
UCR and the CR are usually the same
UCS causes a response that is not learned
CS causes a response that is learned or becomes an association

16. Baby Albert
John Watson and Baby Albert

17. Operant conditioning
Occurs when the consequences that follow a behavior increase or decrease the likelihood of the behavior occurring again
B.F. Skinner-psychologist
Experiments with rats or pigeons in a Skinner Box. For example, rats had to find the way out to receive food (the reinforcement)

18. Pigeons and Ping Pong
Skinner and Pigeons

19. Types of Reinforcers
Primary: function due to the biological makeup of an organism. Innately satisfying.
Food, water and warmth
Secondary: value is learned like money, attention, social approval

20. Positive reinforcement
Increase the frequency of behavior they follow when they are applied
May be different for everyone
Treats, praise
Adding something to increase behavior

21. Negative reinforcement
Increase the frequency of the behavior they follow when they are removed or subtracted
They are usually unpleasant (disapproval, fear, and social disapproval)
Taking away something to increase the desired behavior

22. Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous reinforcement: Occurs when behavior is reinforced every time there is a correct response
Great way in beginning to shape behavior.
Every time a dog sits, give him a treat.

23. Schedules of Reinforcement
Partial reinforcement: rewarded on an intermittent basis. (every so often)
Great way for maintaining desired behavior.
Once dog is trained to sit, reward him with a treat every so often but not every time.

24. Shaping
Shaping: Reinforcers guide behaviors towards desired target behavior through successive approximations.
teaching a dog to roll over

25. Punishment
An aversive stimulus that decreases the probability of the behavior occurring again.
Not as effective.
Immediate change but not long term
Instills fear doesn’t always change behavior.
EX: Speeding ticket

26. Applications
Classroom discipline
Parenting
Sheldon trains Penny

27. Observational Learning
Learn by seeing (observing) others
Also called social learning
Albert Bandura-psychologist
Bobo doll experiment-concluded children learned aggressive behaviors simply watching a model performing these behaviors.
Bobo Doll Experiment

28. END

29. Learned helplessness- condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable.

30. Learned helplessness
Some believe this is a cause of depression for many reasons
People are less motivated to act and stop trying
Low self esteem
Unable to control situations
Elevator and learned helplessness

31. Modeling Observational learning Bobo doll
Copying or imitating behavior

32. Examples
Children learn to speak, act, eat and play
Advertising
Media

33. Behavior Modification
Using learning principles to change people’s actions or feelings.
Ex-token economies, sticker charts etc.