Chapter 24 The Cold War and American Globalism, 1945–1961

I. From Allies to Adversaries Decolonization WWII’s destruction destabilizes Eurasia Power vacuums (Germany, Japan) Civil wars (Greece, China) Decolonization (India, Pakistan) USA and USSR, different: ideologies economic/strategic needs 3

I. From Allies to Adversaries (cont’d.) Stalin’s Aims Expand communism, but Top priority = security: fear another invasion warm-water ports Fear revived Germany/Japan Control areas USSR has at war’s end: esp. East Europe

I. From Allies to Adversaries (cont’d.) U.S. Economic and Strategic Needs Strongest post-WWII power Fear potential threats: esp. if USSR dominate Eurasia To stop surprise attacks: need foreign bases Rebuild Germany and Japan Assume economy need global free trade World Bank/IMF rebuild world economy 4

I. From Allies to Adversaries (cont’d.) Stalin and Truman HST accept “them” vs. “us” worldview Wants simple answers to complex issues First clash over Poland 5

Post WWII Poland

I. From Allies to Adversaries (cont’d.) Warnings from Kennan and Churchill Encourage Churchill’s “iron curtain” speech (‘46) on blocking USSR expansion Tensions stymie UN 1947, HST aids British client Greece Proclaims Truman Doctrine: alarmist rhetoric early domino theory Act globally to block spread of communism $400 Million 8

“A Guy Named Joe” cover story of Look magazine by Ralph Parker, June 27, 1944. p719

II. Containment in Action (cont’d.) Marshall Plan prevents depression/spread of communism $12.4 billion in credits for US goods spurs growth causes inflation National Security Act (1947) Secretary/Department of Defense NSC, CIA 10

II. Containment in Action (cont’d.) Berlin Blockade and Airlift USSR response: more Eastern Europe repression Each see acts by other as threats (1948) USA, England, France agree to: form West Germany/West Berlin as ally USSR responds with blockage HST defeats with airlift USSR forms East Germany (1949) 11

Under official postwar relief and recovery programs, including the Marshall Plan, the United States shipped billions of dollars’ worth of food and equipment to Western European nations struggling to overcome the destruction of the Second World War. Private efforts, such as this one in 1950, also succeeded. The people of Jersey City, New Jersey, sent this snowplow to the mountainous village of Capracotta, Italy. p725

II. Containment in Action (cont’d.) Berlin Blockade and Airlift (cont’d.) Military alliance: deters Soviet invasion ties Western Europe to USA Cold War divides Europe (Map 24.1): Warsaw Pact forms (1955) Twin Shocks Soviet A-bomb and Mao’s win shocks USA Increases Republican criticism of HST HST responds (1950) with H-bomb and major military buildup (NSC-68) 12

Cold War Europe

III. The Cold War in Asia Chinese Civil War Ally Chiang Kai-shek loses (‘49) despite billions in aid Jiang’s government alienates peasants: corrupt refuse to address landlessness Mao rallies peasant majority 13

III. The Cold War in Asia (cont’d.) Chinese Civil War (cont’d.) Mao gets no USSR aid during civil war US officials: dismiss his independence reject overtures (1945, 1949) Mao signs alliance with USSR (1950) Republicans claim HST “lost” China Does not recognize People’s Republic (PRC) 14

III. The Cold War in Asia (cont’d.) Vietnam’s Quest for Independence Ho Chi Minh leads fight to end French control: adopts communism to help win independence Form Vietminh during WWII: some US aid (OSS); none from USSR HST ignore Ho’s nationalism (1945–46): supports French return (Cold War ally) War starts (1946): France vs. Vietminh 15

Mao Zedong was a military theoretician who also involved himself in day-to-day military decision making. He was responsible for, or at least approved, all of the major strategic moves the communists made on their way to power. This image shows him applauding soldiers and other supporters on Tiananmen Square in Beijing. p727

Soldiers from Company D, First Marine Division, mounted on an M- 26 tank, spearhead a patrol in search of guerrillas during the Korean War. p728

IV. The Korean War U.S. Forces Intervene HST orders troops to Korea Orders navy to protect Chiang Kai-shek (Formosa / Taiwan) Intervenes further in Korea and China No consulting with Congress (UN): expands exec power 17

IV. The Korean War (cont’d.) Chinese Entry Into the War UN troops do poorly at 1st Inchon turns tide Cross 38th to unify Korea Enter wars (1950); drive UN back to 38th Truman’s Firing of MacArthur MacArthur calls for full war with China HST/JCS reject; fire MacArthur (1951) 18

IV. The Korean War (cont’d.) Consequences of the War War dead: USA (54,246); PRC (more than1 million) North Korea (2.5 million, mostly civilians) South Korea (1.1 million, mostly civilians) War militarize containment: military budget $14 billion (1949) $44 billion by 1953 = more than 3x More anticommunism at home (McCarthy) 19

President Eisenhower (left) confers with Secretary of State John Foster Dulles (1888–1959), known for his strong anticommunism and his often self-righteous lecturing style. Dulles once remarked that the United States “is almost the only country strong enough and powerful enough to be moral.” p731

VI. The Struggle for the Third World (cont’d.) Interests in the Third World Many in 3rd World want nonalignment Ike/Dulles: reject neutralism 3rd World must ally with USA adopt US models view 3rd World via race-, age-, gender-based stereotypes 25

VI. The Struggle for the Third World (cont’d.) Intervention in Guatemala CIA topple leftist Arbenz (Guatemala, ‘54): because interfered with United Fruit result: civil war The Cuban Revolution and Fidel Castro Misinterpret Cuban Revolution (1959): ignore nationalism popular anger with Batista US actions: economic, assassination, exile invasion push Castro toward USSR 27

VI. The Struggle for the Third World (cont’d.) Arab-Israeli Conflict Debate on Jewish state grow post-1945: Arabs oppose creation of Israel (Palestine) USA quickly recognize Israel (1948): memory of Holocaust domestic politics Displaced Palestinian Arabs: become point of contention USA try to: ensure Israel’s survival and form ties with oil-rich Arab nations

XXVII. US Interventions in Middle East (1950s) Suez Crisis CIA topple Iran’s government (1953): return shah to power gain oil concessions Egypt’s Nasser lead Arab nationalism: seek end of European imperialism Eisenhower Doctrine Eisenhower Doctrine (1957): rationale for military intervention in Middle East 28

VI. The Struggle for the Third World (cont’d.) Geneva Accords on Vietnam By 1954, France losing war with Vietminh Ike does not intervene at Dienbienphu because: British and Congress resist France grants independence (Geneva, ‘54) Ho accepts temporary division at 17th National Liberation Front USA: blocks 1956 reunification elections back repressive Diem to lead South Vietnam Civil war develops with formation of NLF/VC 29

Dien Bien Phu

French troops capture a Vietminh soldier during an operation in the Red River Delta in Tonkin (northern Vietnam) in March 1952. The Vietminh were adept at camouflage, but this soldier could not escape detection while hidden in a dyke. p740