M I G R A T I O N Chapter 3

What Is Migration? Movement –Cyclic movement: Movement away from home for a short period Commuting Seasonal movement Nomadism –Periodic movement: Movement away from home for a longer period. Migrant labor Transhumance Military service Migration: A change in residence intended to be permanent

International migration: Movement across country borders (implying a degree of permanence)

Internal migration: Movement within a single country’s borders (implying a degree of permanence) African American migration in the early 20 th Century

Internal Migration:

Why Do People Migrate? Forced migration: Movers have no choice but to relocate

Kinds of Voluntary Migration Step migration: When a migrant follows a series of stages, or steps, toward a final destination. Intervening opportunity : At one of the steps along the path, pull factors encourage the migrant to settle there Chain migration: Further migration to a place where friends or relatives have already settled

Voluntary Migration Migrants weigh push and pull factors to decide –Whether to move –Where to go Distance decay: Many migrants settle closer to their old home than they originally contemplate

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration 1. Every migration flow generates a return or countermigration. 2. The majority of migrations move a short distance. 3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations. 4. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas. 5. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.

Ravenstein’s Gravity Model Predicts interaction between places based on the basis of their population size and distance between them Multiplication of populations divided by the distance between them equals the expected migration P1 X P2 Distance = Expected Migration

Push and Pull Factors Legal status Economic conditions Power relationships Political circumstances Armed conflict and civil war Environmental conditions Culture and traditions Technological advances

Where Do People Migrate? Influences on major global migration flows from 1550–1950 –Exploration –Colonization –The Atlantic slave trade Impacts –Places migrants leave –Places to which migrants go

Major Global Migration Flows (before 1950)

Regional Migration Flows Migration to neighboring countries · For short term economic opportunities · To reconnect with cultural groups across borders · To flee political conflict or war Islands of development: Places where foreign investment, jobs, and infrastructure are concentrated

Migration for Economic Opportunity Chinese migration in late 1800s and 1900s throughout Southeast Asia to work in trade, commerce, and finance

Migration of about 700,000 Jews to then- Palestine between 1900 and 1948 Forced migration of 600,000 Palestinian Arabs after 1948, when the land was divided into two states (Israel and Palestine) Migration to Reconnect with Cultural Groups

Internal Migration Flows

Guest Workers Migrants allowed into a country to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will go “home” once the labor need subsides · Have short term work visas · Send remittances to home country

Refugees People who flee across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion

Subsaharan Africa North Africa and Southwest Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Europe Regions of Dislocation

How Do Governments Affect Migration? Immigration laws U.S. history –Little restriction –Quotas by nationality –Selective immigration

Post–September 11 New government policies affect asylum-seekers, illegal immigrants, and legal immigrants. 9/11 Commission Report was released in 2004.