Copyright © 2014 W. W. Norton & Company WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, FOURTH EDITION

Copyright © 2014 W. W. Norton & Company WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, FOURTH EDITION

Mali/Timbuktu  The City of Timbuktu:  Huffington Post article: musa-worlds-richest-man-all-time_n_ html musa-worlds-richest-man-all-time_n_ html musa-worlds-richest-man-all-time_n_ html  Mansa Musa from Academia.edu: he_Hajj_of_Mansa_Musa he_Hajj_of_Mansa_Musa he_Hajj_of_Mansa_Musa

Sub-Saharan Africa Comes Together  East Africa and the Indian Ocean  Eastern and southern African regions were also integrated into long-distance trading systems  Wind patterns made East Africa a logical end point for Indian Ocean trade  Swahili peoples living along the coast of East Africa became active brokers with the peoples of the Arabian Peninsula, the Persian Gulf territories, and India’s west coast  Most valued trade commodity was gold  Mined between Limpopo and Zambezi rivers  Mined by Shona-speaking peoples  Great Zimbabwe was a center of gold mining  What is Swahili?:  ahili-language ahili-language ahili-language

African Civilizations West East Axum Ghana, Mali Songhai South Great Zimbabwe

Great Empires of Africa East: Egypt, Kush, Axum North: Carthage West: Ghana, Mali, Songhai South: Great Zimbabwe

Axum located in sub-Saharan East Africa in the Ethiopian highlands located in sub-Saharan East Africa in the Ethiopian highlands south of Kush and Egypt south of Kush and Egypt Present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea Present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea

AXUM’S ACHIEVEMENTS Controlled NE African Trade Written Language Spread Christianity Terrace Farming Built Stelae

Trade in Axum  Axum’s location on the Nile and Red Sea enabled it to become an international trading center  Trade brought economic, cultural, and religious influences to Axum

Christianity Became a Christian Kingdom under King Ezana Became a Christian Kingdom under King Ezana When the Muslims invaded North Africa, Axum moved to the highlands and remained Christian. When the Muslims invaded North Africa, Axum moved to the highlands and remained Christian.

Architecture Stelae: Stelae: Huge stone pillars carved out of granite Huge stone pillars carved out of granite Christian Rock Churches: Christian Rock Churches: carved out of existing rock. carved out of existing rock. Monolithic Churches

 The Small green building on the right supposedly holds the Ark of the Covenant Indiana Jones: The Lost Arc

West African Kingdoms Ghana – 11 th century Ghana – 11 th century Mali – 14 th century Mali – 14 th century Songhai – 15 th century Songhai – 15 th century

Rivers make successful trade networks kingdoms arose on the Niger River kingdoms arose on the Niger River south of the Sahara Desert in the savannah region (Sahel). south of the Sahara Desert in the savannah region (Sahel). grew strong by controlling the gold-salt trade. grew strong by controlling the gold-salt trade.

Berbers GOLD SALT Gold Salt Trade Trans-Saharan Trade Route

Why Salt? necessary for survival in Africa’s hot climate, so it was as valuable as gold. necessary for survival in Africa’s hot climate, so it was as valuable as gold. lost through sweat in hot climates and must be replaced. lost through sweat in hot climates and must be replaced. used to preserve foods. used to preserve foods.

Gold- Salt Trade Salt was plentiful in the Sahara desert, but the Sahel and forests to the south lacked salt. Salt was plentiful in the Sahara desert, but the Sahel and forests to the south lacked salt. Gold was plentiful in the Sahel and the forest regions. Gold was plentiful in the Sahel and the forest regions. North and South became interdependent on each other for these natural resources = need for trade. North and South became interdependent on each other for these natural resources = need for trade.

Trans-Sahara Trade The Niger River and the Sahara desert were the highways of the gold-salt trade. The Niger River and the Sahara desert were the highways of the gold-salt trade. Ghana, Mali, and Songhai prospered because they lay on trade routes located between these resources. Ghana, Mali, and Songhai prospered because they lay on trade routes located between these resources.

West African Religions Animism belief that there are spirits present in animals, plants, and other natural forces which play an important part in daily life. belief that there are spirits present in animals, plants, and other natural forces which play an important part in daily life.Islam Islam spread to West Africa through trade. Islam spread to West Africa through trade. Ghana’s rulers converted to Islam, but many people remained animists. Ghana’s rulers converted to Islam, but many people remained animists. Some people observed Islam, but also kept their former beliefs. Some people observed Islam, but also kept their former beliefs.

Ghana   Ghana grew rich by taxing traders that carried goods through their territory   Traders would have to pay the king of Ghana (in gold or salt) whenever they exchanged goods. “The Land of Gold”

Mali formed on the upper Niger River reached height of power in the 14th century later declined as a result of internal conflict

Sundiata ( ) Founder of Mali Empire Reestablished the gold- salt trade Known as “The Lion King”

Mansa Musa ( ) made Timbuktu into a great center of learning Went on a Hajj across Africa to Mecca. Richest man of all time. Islam Comes to Timbuktu

Timbuktu Largest trading city in Mali. Largest trading city in Mali. Located where the desert met the Niger River. Located where the desert met the Niger River. Had three universities and a library with Greek and Roman writings. Had three universities and a library with Greek and Roman writings.

Songhai Last and largest of the 3 great empires to rule West Africa. Fell to Moroccan invasion in 1591 Weakened by slave trade Crash Course World History: African Empires

Great Zimbabwe Capital of a trading empire that thrived in southeastern Africa from Position on rivers and proximity to Indian ocean Gold was traded for goods from North Africa, India, and China Located on a plateau between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers in modern Zimbabwe.

Ruins of Great Zimbabwe Great Zimbabwe means “great stone buildings” Most of what we know about Great Zimbabwe comes from these ruins.