Biochemistry

I. Water 1. POLARITY - Uneven charge on molecule makes it polar. 2. SOLVENT – water dissolves other substances excepts for non-polar substances like oil. 3. HYDROGEN BONDS - forms weak H bonds causing water to be a liquid at room temp. 4. COHESION – force that holds water together. Creates surface tension making water stick to water and forms a skin.

I. Water \5.ADHESION – the attachment of water to another material or surface that has a charge (eg) meniscus. 6. CAPILLARY – adhesion & cohesion cause water to move up a straw. 7. DENSITY – water has a density f 1.0g/ml. D=m/v If a substance has a mass less than water it will float, if the mass is greater than water it will sink. Ice Water

II. Carbon Compounds A. Inorganic compounds contain no carbon B. Organic compounds contain carbon bonded to other elements C. Carbon is Basis of Life 1. Four electrons in outer shell. 2. Carbon bonds easily with carbon. 3. Carbon bonds easily with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and functional groups

III. Polymers A. Compounds made of repeating linked units B. Covalent monomers link C. Condensation reaction a. Dehydration reaction b. Form a water molecule D. Hydrolysis: bonds between monomers are broken by adding water (digestion)

IV. Molecules of Life A. Four main compounds essential for life 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

V. Carbohydrates Monomer : Monosaccharides Elements: C, H & O - ratio 1:2:1 Functions: Short term energy Structure in plants Support in plants

V. Carbohydrates 4. Monosaccharride Examples: a) Glucose 1) Made by plants during photosynthesis 2) Main source of energy for plants and animals 3) Metabolized during cellular respiration. b) Fructose 1) Found in fruit. 2)Sweetest sugar. c) Galactose- Found in milk.

V. Carbohydrates B. Disaccharides 1. covalent bond between 2 monosaccharides 2. bond by dehydration reaction 3. Examples: a) Sucrose 1) table sugar 2) beets and cane b) Lactose- found in milk

V. Carbohydrates C. Polysaccharides 1. Three or more monosaccarides 2. Storage: a) Glycogen- The way animals store glucose. b)Starch- The way plants store glucose. 3. Structural: a)Cellulose- most abundant organic compound, cell walls of plants b)Chitin- exoskeletons; cell walls of fungi; surgical thread

VI. Lipids Elements: C and H, smaller number of O. Examples: Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids. Functions: Long-term energy Insulation Forms cell membranes

VII. Lipids- Fats, Oils, Waxes Monomer : Fatty Acids & Glycerol.

VII. Lipids- Fats, Oils, Waxes Examples of Lipids 1. Saturated - only single bonds 2. Unsaturated - some double bonds 3. Fats a) Usually found in animals b) Usually a solid at room temperature 4. Oils a) Usually found in plants b)Usually liquid at room temperature.

VII. Lipids- Fats, Oils, Waxes 5. Wax 1. Long fatty acid connected to long alcohol 2. Long fatty acid = hydrophobic 3. protective barriers in plants and animals.

VIII. Lipids- Phospholipids A. 2 fatty acids and one phosphate group B. ‘Tails’ hydrophobic; ‘heads’ hydrophilic C. Micelle (phospholipid droplet in water) D. Bilayer (double layer); cell membranes

IX. Lipids- Steroids A. Lipids with 4 fused carbon rings B. Not fatty acids. C. Four carbon ring that does not dissolve in water. D. Found in hormones, nerve tissue, toad venoms, plant poisons. E. Cholesterol: a. cell membranes b. precursor for other steroids

X. Proteins Elements ; C, H, O & N Monomer: Amino Acids (20 different kinds) a. carboxyl (-COOH) group b. amino group (NH2) c. H atom d. variable group (R)…. Long chain of amino acids is a polypeptide. Polypeptides: formed by dehydration reaction Two or more polypeptides make a protein

X. Proteins Functions Enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) Muscle contraction Transport Oxygen in the blood Immunity

XI. Nucleic Acids Elements: C, H, O, N & P Functions Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 1. stores genetic info for almost all cell activities 2. blueprint for all proteins Ribonucleic acid (RNA): stores and transfers info essential for the manufacturing of proteins. Examples: DNA & RNA Monomer - nucleotides

XI. Nucleic Acids Nucleotides consist of: 1. nitrogenous base 2. pentose sugar 3. phosphate group Nitrogenous bases: DNA : A – T C – G RNA A – U & C - G