Wake-up 1.What are the monomers of proteins? 1.What macromolecule is the only one that has the element Phosphorus? 1.Explain the term Biological Catalyst.

EOC Review #1: Biochemistry and Enzymes Christopherson

What is Biochemistry? Chemistry of living organisms

Basic Elements of Life Remember: CHNOPS C = Carbon H = Hydrogen N = Nitrogen O = OxygenP = Phosphorus S = Sulfur

Monomer Single molecule One subunit Example: Single bead for a necklace

Polymer Many molecules More than one subunit Example: Beads making up a necklace

Four Macromolecules: 1. Carbohydrates (Sugars and Starches)

Carbohydrate Also known as: Sugars and starches Elements present: How many of each element are present? C, H, O C=6, H=12, O=6 Ratio – 1:2:1

Monomer of a Carbohydrate Simple Sugar or Monosaccharide

Type of Carb: Monosaccharide Explanation: One sugar / Simple Sugar Example: Glucose – sugar created in photosynthesis and broken down in cell respiration

Simple Sugar Indicator: Benedict’s

Positive Test: Turns Green, Yellow, Orange, or Red (depends on amount of sugar)

Type of Carb: Polysaccharide Explanation: Many Sugars

Example of a Polysaccharide Starch: Plants; stored energy

Example of a Polysaccharides Cellulose: Plants; Structure

Example of a Polysaccharide Glycogen: Animals; stored energy

Carbohydrate Functions #1 Immediate energy source Burn quickly

Carbohydrate Function #2 Stored Energy Organisms store what they don’t use

Carbohydrate Function #3 Provide structure for plants, fungus, and arthropods

Starch Indicator: Iodine

Positive Test: Turns Black

Four Macromolecules: 2. Lipids - Fats

Lipids Also known as: Fats, Oils, and Waxes Elements present: Monomer: Polymer: C, H, O high ratios Glycerol and fatty acid tails Triglyceride

Lipids Function #1 Long term energy storage

Lipids Function #2 Provide Insulation

Lipids Function #3 Phospholipids: Regulate water movement in and out of the cell (cell membrane)

Lipids Function #4 Steroids: regulate metabolism, immune response, reproduction, etc.

Indicator: Brown Paper Bag or Towel

Positive Test: Grease Spot

Four Macromolecules: 3. Proteins

Protein Elements present: C, H, O, N, and sometimes S

Protein Monomers Amino Acid

Protein Polymer Protein: Amino acids are held together by peptide bonds

Protein Structure

Proteins Function #1 Insulin (protein) helps glucose move from our bloodstream to our cells

Proteins Function #2 Blood has hemoglobin (protein) which helps transport oxygen

Protein Function - #3 Enzymes (Protein) speed up and control chemical reactions

Proteins Function #4 Provides structure in hair, nails, and skin

Proteins Function #5 Make up the structure and function of muscles

Proteins Function #6 Help transport substances in and out of the cell

Protein Indicator: Biuret’s

Positive Test: Turns Purple

Four Macromolecules: 4. Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids Elements present: Monomer: C,H,O,N, P Nucleotide

Nucleic Acid Function #1 Usable form of energy (ATP)

Nucleic Acid Function #2 Responsible for an organisms genetic make-up (DNA)

Nucleic Acid – Function #3 Makes Proteins: RNA

What do you know? Answer the questions listed on the review sheet. Make sure that you are using the correct test.

Enzymes Christopherson

Enzymes Review Enzymes are proteins; made up of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

Enzymes Review Regulates the chemical reactions of the cell;

Enzymes Review End in –ase For example: Lactase

Enzyme Characteristics #1 Biological Catalysts; Catalysts speed up chemical reactions

What is a Catalyst? Lowers the activation energy; energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Enzymes Characteristics #2 Have an active site; binding site for substrates; makes them site specific

How Enzymes Work Enzyme; Catalyst Substrate; Reactant Active Site Product Enzyme-Substrate Complex 1. Substrate matched the active site of the enzyme 2. Enzyme-substrate complex forms; Enzyme molds around the substrate for a reaction 3. Enzyme releases the product; Enzyme remains unchanged

Environmental Effects on Enzymes 1.Temperature*Temperature* High Temperatures can denature enzymes Denature means lose shape (active site).

Environmental Effects on Enzymes 1.Temperature Low Temperatures cause enzymes to move slowly Decreasing enzyme activity

Environmental Effects on Enzymes 2. pH Dramatic changes in the pH of a solution can denature an enzyme Decreasing enzyme activity

pH scale Acid Base Strong Acid Strong Base Weak Acid Weak Base Neutral

Effects on Enzymes 3. Amount of substrate