1. Chapter 19
The Chemistry of Life

2. The Molecules of Life
Many of the most important molecules in your body are polymers.
4 molecules necessary for life functions formed from smaller subunits
proteins
carbohydrates
nucleic acids
lipids

3. biochemistry - study of the chemistry of living things
elements needed to make these molecules
hydrogen
oxygen
carbon
nitrogen
phosphorous
sulfur

4. The Role of Proteins - Catalyst - enzyme
Proteins are the worker bees and have many functions
Structural – keratin – hair, nails
- collagen – ligaments, tendons
Transport – hemoglobin
Metabolism – insulin
- lactase
- Catalyst - enzyme

5. The Structure of Proteins
A protein is polymer composed of amino acids bonded together in chains

6. Structure of Proteins
amino acids bond to each other by forming a peptide bond
aka protein synthesis
water is released in this reaction

7. Three-Dimensional Protein Structure
Proteins can fold into either globular structures or long, fibrous structures.
The shape
determines how
chemical reactions
take place

8. Three-Dimensional Protein Structure
denaturation – breaking the forces that hold a protein in it’s shape
high temps
extreme pH
mechanical agitation
chemical treatments

9. antibodies antibodies bind to surface of invader
once bound invader is destroyed
binding is very specific…….
your body must make
different antibodies for
different invaders

10. The Role of Proteins as Enzymes
enzymes - proteins that catalyze chemical reactions—(speeds up reactions)
Substrates are brought close together in the active sites of an enzyme

11. Carbohydrates
carbohydrate – molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
in ratio of
2 hydrogen –
1 oxygen –
1 carbon

12. The Role of Carbohydrates
when carbohydrates break down glucose is formed
glucose provides most of the energy needed for life
glucose is also called blood sugar.
animals store excess glucose in liver and muscles as glycogen

13. Structures of Carbohydrates
simple sugars are 5 -7 carbon ring structure
3 common simple sugars = glucose, fructose, and ribose

14. Polysaccharides sucrose is table sugar = 1 glucose and 1 fructose
A polymer of many monosaccharides bonded into a chain is called a polysaccharide
examples: starch
and cellulose

15. Lipids lipids are fatty acids, which are long chain carboxylic acids
fat =from animals
oil = from plants

16. The Structure of Lipids
triglycerides, molecules in which three fatty acids are bonded to a glycerol

17. saturated fatty acids - have single bonds between carbon atoms.
single bond = tightly packed
= solid at room temp
unsaturated - one or more double bonds between carbon atoms (healthier)
double bond prevents tight packing
= liquid at room temp

18. Fats in your diet diet high in saturated fats linked to heart disease
high saturated fat = high cholesterol
cholesterol lines artery walls

19. Steroids steroid – lipid with 4 ring structure
includes hormones, vitamin D, and cholesterol

20. The Functions of Lipids
2 major functions of lipids
store energy
Form cell membranes

21. Nucleic Acids
genetic information is coded into long-chain polymers called nucleic acids.
monomers that make up
nucleic acids are called
nucleotides
2 types = DNA & RNA

22. The Structure of Nucleic Acids
nucleotides are made up of three parts: a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base

23. Function of DNA & RNA DNA – holds genetic information
RNA - transfers genetic
info from DNA (nucleus)
to place in cell where
proteins are formed

24. Vitamins
Vitamin – molecule necessary for life but needed only in small amounts
2 classes of vitamins
fat-soluble – vitamins A, D, E, and K
water soluble – vitamins B and C

25. How can I get too much vitamins?
excess water - soluble vitamins are dissolved in urine and excreted out – you can’t get too much
excess fat- soluble vitamins are stored in body fat – be careful you don’t take too much