1. Biological (Organic) Molecules

2. Major Components of a Cell Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Proteins Proteins Lipids Lipids Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids

3. Molecules Organic molecules: contain carbon Organic molecules: contain carbon Water is the most abundant molecule in cells Water is the most abundant molecule in cells Minerals are considered trace elements and are not needed in large amounts to sustain life Minerals are considered trace elements and are not needed in large amounts to sustain life

4. Carbohydrates Provide energy to cells Provide energy to cells Consist of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Consist of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen –Usually twice as many hydrogen as oxygen atoms C 6 H 12 O 6 glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 glucose C 12 H 22 O 11 sucrose C 12 H 22 O 11 sucrose Simple sugars: monosaccharides Simple sugars: monosaccharides Complex carbohydrates: disaccharides or polysaccharides Complex carbohydrates: disaccharides or polysaccharides

5. Monosaccharides Simple sugars Simple sugars Easily broken down for energy Easily broken down for energy To test for simple sugars – use benedict’s reagent (turns from blue to orange in the presence of glucose) To test for simple sugars – use benedict’s reagent (turns from blue to orange in the presence of glucose)

6. Polysaccharides Complex sugars Complex sugars Examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose Examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose Consist of many monomers bonded together Consist of many monomers bonded together Used for energy storage and to build cell structures Used for energy storage and to build cell structures Broken down through cellular respiration to create energy (ATP) Broken down through cellular respiration to create energy (ATP) Test for complex sugars: use iodine: turns from brown to black in the presence of starch Test for complex sugars: use iodine: turns from brown to black in the presence of starch

7. Carbohydrates Stimulate the immune system Stimulate the immune system Play a role in binding viruses and bacterial pathogens Play a role in binding viruses and bacterial pathogens Provide cell structure Provide cell structure

8. Proteins Serve as structural materials, energy sources or hormones Serve as structural materials, energy sources or hormones Combined with carbohydrates and function on cell surface as receptors Combined with carbohydrates and function on cell surface as receptors Contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Sometimes they also contain sulfur atoms Contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Sometimes they also contain sulfur atoms Building blocks are amino acids Building blocks are amino acids

9. Proteins Serve as Transport molecules such as hemoglobin carrying oxygen in rbc. Serve as Transport molecules such as hemoglobin carrying oxygen in rbc. Stimulate nerve impulses Stimulate nerve impulses Provide immune protection Provide immune protection

10. Protein Categories Build Cell Structure Build Cell Structure Transport molecules between cells Transport molecules between cells Relay messages – hormones Relay messages – hormones Speed up reactions – enzymes Speed up reactions – enzymes Test for proteins: use biuret’s reagent, turns from blue to violet in the presence of proteins Test for proteins: use biuret’s reagent, turns from blue to violet in the presence of proteins

11. Lipids Organic substances which are insoluble in water Organic substances which are insoluble in water Soluble in certain organic solvents such as ether or acetone Soluble in certain organic solvents such as ether or acetone Include fats, phospholipids and steroids Include fats, phospholipids and steroids Store energy for cells and can store more energy, gram for gram, than carbs Store energy for cells and can store more energy, gram for gram, than carbs Building blocks for fats are fatty acids and glycerol. Building blocks for fats are fatty acids and glycerol. 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids = 1 triglyceride molecule 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids = 1 triglyceride molecule

12. Lipids Test for lipids: use Sudan IV a red dye that becomes soluble in the presence of lipids Test for lipids: use Sudan IV a red dye that becomes soluble in the presence of lipids Lipids are highly useful storage molecules, can be broken down to release more energy than a sugar molecule Lipids are highly useful storage molecules, can be broken down to release more energy than a sugar molecule

13. Nucleic Acids Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. Building blocks are nucleotides Building blocks are nucleotides 2 types of nucleic acids: 2 types of nucleic acids: –RNA: contain ribose –DNA: Deoxyribose Store and transfer genetic information Store and transfer genetic information Control cellular activities Control cellular activities

14. Nucleic Acids Provide instruction for making proteins which direct the structure and activity of the cell Provide instruction for making proteins which direct the structure and activity of the cell –Ex. RNA, DNA, NAD –DNA is the most important of these molecules because it makes the organism what it is

15. 4 Classes of Biological molecules Biological molecule Repeating subunit ProteinsAmino acids CarbohydratesSimple sugars Nucleic AcidNucleotides LipidsNo single repeating unit exists. Primarily hydrocarbons, which are chains of carbon molecules linked to hydrogens