2. Organic Compounds - carbon-based compounds used by organisms
1) Carbohydrates (-ose)
Function: source of energy
Subunits: monosaccharides (simple sugar)
polysaccharides ( complex sugar)
Examples: glucose, cellulose (plants),
glycogen (starch), insulin

3. 2) Lipids
Function: stored energy, cell membranes
Subunits: glycerol & fatty acids(chains of C & H)
Examples: fats and oils
3) Protein
Function: aid chemical reactions,
transport materials
Subunits: amino acids
Examples: hemoglobin (transports O2 in blood)
enzymes (speed up reactions)

4. 4) Nucleic Acids
Function: store & transmit genetic information
Subunits: nucleotides
- sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
Examples: DNA, RNA
Tests for Organic Compounds
Iodine: starch (glycogen)
Brown paper: lipids
Biuret’s solution: protein
Benedict’s solution: simple sugars

5. -WATER
- neutral polar molecule
- compound with (+) & (-) sides
- creates:
1) cohesion- attraction between similar
molecules (beading of water)
2) adhesion- attraction to different molecules
(water rising up a tube)
Cohesion
Adhesion

6. pH Scale
- measure of H+ ions in a solution
Example
(1-6) = Acid – high concentration of H+ ions
(7) = Neutral- equal concentration of H+
OH- ions
(8-14)= Base – high concentration of OH- ions
*Buffer- compounds used to neutralize acids &
bases to stabilize pH

8. Enzymes (-ase) - proteins that act as a catalyst(speed up reactions)
- have specific functions
ex.- breaking down carbohydrates into energy
- re-usable
- affected by changes in pH & temperature
ex.- human enzymes need 39 C0 (98.6 F0)
Reaction Examples:
starch + amylase maltose
maltose + maltase glucose
fats/oils + lipase fatty acids + glycerol

9. Enzyme Process 1) enzymes provide a binding site for reactants
-substrate- reactants that bind to enzyme
- substrates only fit specific enzymes
2) after binding, substrates convert into new products
3) new products are released for use elsewhere