The Spread of the Reformation Homework: Calvin Article & NOTES VENN Diagram of Luther and Calvin (Social, Political, Religious)

Impact of Peace of Augsburg Division of Christendom permanent –Ruler of the land would determine the religion of the land Permitted migration for religious reason Did not extend to Anabaptism and Calvinism –Not considered a legal form of Christianity

The Peasant’s Revolt Luther was an ally –Christian Freedom –Criticism of landowners (end serfdom) –Wanted political and economic rights Internal division in the beginning –Against Pope and Luther Peasants revolt –Luther said it was “un-Christian” and urged princes to fight Freedom does not come from violence Reformation WOULD NOT be a social revolution

Reformation and Counter Reformation in Europe. Protestant lands in blue (with gains and the losses due to the Counter Reformation), Catholic in olive Catholic

The Spread… Luther was first, Switzerland and France had their own movements –Zwingli in Switzerland –Anabaptists in France Developed new churches as prominent and lasting as the Lutheran church.

How did it spread? Reformation changed hands –Theologians to princes –Slogans to laws –Reform became a territorial political movement By 1530, Protestant cities and lands formed powerful defensive alliances –Prepared for battle against the Catholic Emperor

Peasant Revolt Beginning… –Reformation suffered from internal division Germany: 1525 people protested Luther and the Pope –Peasantry Revolts Princes were overriding laws and customs Sought Luther’s support –Luther condemned them as “un-Christian” »Christian was free to have faith but not to restructure society Reformation failed to become a social revolution

Swiss Reformation Pre-Condition –Support and opposition to foreign mercenary services Major source of livelihood –Desire for church reform since the councils that began in 1414 Leader: Ulrich Zwingli –Humanists, influenced by Erasmus –Opposed to indulgences and religious superstition

Ulrich Zwingli Reforms –Right for all clergy to marry –Raised questions about honored traditions No scripture support… –Do not believe –Do not practice Zurich: puritanical Protestantism

Can German and Swiss Unite? Political and religious pact –But…Luther and Zwingli disagreed on Eucharist “This is my body” Luther : only spiritually present, bread is still bread – Luther did not like abstract beliefs (no superstitions) Zwingli : bread only Splintered Protestant movement –Theologically and politically

Swiss Civil Wars Catholics vs. Protestants –Zwingli was executed on the battlefield Result –Each canton (region) determines own religion

Radical Protestants Accused major reformers of going only half way Anabaptists (Conrad Grebel) –Reject infant baptism Baptism: adult acceptance of Scripture –More respectful of human freedom Spiritualists (Thomas Muntzer) –Disdain for all institutions and traditions Only authority was God’s spirit –Leader of the Peasant’s Revolt Anti-trinitarians –Commonsense, rational & ethical religion Did not agree with original sin and predestination –Defenders of religious toleration

Thesis Statement 2.Compare and contrast the attitudes of Martin Luther and John Calvin toward political authority and social order.

Martin LutherJohn Calvin Religion Political Authority Social Order

Martin Luther (Germany) Religion –No indulgences Too much $ to Rome Justification by Faith Alone –Only 2 sacraments Baptism & Eucharist (body & Bread) –Pope is fallible Social Order –No revolt: Un-Christian –Free cities supported Lutheranism –Socially conservative Political Authority –Divine rights of Princes Hid by Princes (Outlaw) Politically conservative Reformation became part of state –Combine state and religion John Calvin (Switzerland) Religion –No Free will Predestination –Eucharist  No transubstantiation (symbolic) Social Order –Harsh discipline –Religious based laws Closed taverns Church determine punishment Political Authority –Gov’t men must be godly No control over church –Church handled punishments –Combine church and government –Focused on gov’t more than theology

Readings Calvin’s ideas in his own words