1. The Protestant Reformation Chapter 17 Section 3

2. Today’s Goal  You will be able to… Explain the criticisms of the Church and the events which began the Reformation.

3. Causes of Reformation Early reformers – John Wycliffe, Jan Hus Questioning of Church’s authority Humanist movement Printing press allowed ideas to spread

4. Criticisms of the Church Corrupt Church leaders – Spent $ on luxuries – Worldly affairs Poorly educated priests & monks Church taxes (tithes)

5. Martin Luther Monk, taught scripture @ Univ. of Wittenberg Took stand against Johann Tetzel & sale of indulgences – Indulges were pardons for sins – “buy their way into heaven” Wrote the 95 Theses – formal statements attacking the Church & officials

6. 95 Theses Posted on Oct. 31, 1517 on door of castle church in Wittenberg Began the Reformation – the movement for religious reform

7. Luther’s Teachings 1)Salvation only by faith in God’s forgiveness 2)Bible was ultimate authority for Church’s teachings (not the pope or priests) 3)All people with faith were equal

8. Response to Luther Pope saw Luther as serious threat  excommunication of did not take back statements – Luther refused – bonfire to burn pope’s decree HRE Charles V – put Luther on trial at Worms – Luther again refused to rescind his statements

9. The Edict of Worms Charles V declared Luther an outlaw & heretic Prince Frederick of Saxony disobeyed emperor & sheltered Luther While at castle, Luther translated New Testament to German New religious group known as the Lutherans

10. Turmoil in Germany Peasants’ Revolt, 1524 – German peasants rebelled against serfdom – Luther disapproved of revolt – peasants rejected Lutheranism German princes either supported or fought against Luther’s ideas Supporters signed protest  known as Protestants

11. Germany at War Charles V went to war against Protestant princes – Defeated them in 1547, but princes did not return to Catholicism Peace of Augsburg – each prince would decide religion of his state (Protestant or Catholic)

12. Review Questions 1)What were the criticisms of the Church? 2)Besides these criticisms, what were other causes of the Reformation? 3)What were Luther’s disagreements with the Church (his teachings)? 4)How did the Reformation affect the political and social situation in Germany?

13. John Calvin Influenced by northern Humanism 1536 – published Institutes of the Christian Religion Levels of church organization Literal reading of Bible Men & women sinful by nature Predestination – God chooses select few who will be saved Beliefs known as Calvinism "God preordained...a part of the human race, without any merit of their own, to eternal salvation, and another part, in just punishment of their sin, to eternal damnation. " John Calvin

14. Calvin Leads Reformation Calvin saw ideal gov’t as theocracy (controlled by religious leaders) Geneva, Switzerland – asked Calvin to lead their city - Strict rules - Imprisonment, excommunication, burning at stake

15. Calvinism Spreads John Knox – Scottish preacher - Followers known as Presbyterians - governed by group of laymen called presbyters Huguenots = Calvin’s followers in France - Conflict between Huguenots & Catholic was violent & bloody

16. Other Protestant Reformers Anabaptists – believed that people should be baptized when of age - persecuted by both Protestants & Catholics - forerunners of Mennonites, Amish, Quakers, Baptists

17. Women of the Reformation Women had prominent roles in early years - Protected reformers such as Calvin Once Protestant religions established, men limited women’s activities Marguerite of Navarre