1. Chapter 12.3: The Protestant Reformation
Global Studies I

2. Key Terms
Christian humanism stressed a belief in the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves
salvation acceptance into heaven
Indulgence a release from all or part of the punishment for sin

3. Erasmus and Christian Humanism
Protestant Reformation – name used for the reform movement that divided the western Church into Catholic and Protestant groups.
What did Christian humanists believe was the best way to reform the church and society?
individuals needed to be changed first
reading classics and Christian works would cause people to become more pious (moral)

4. Erasmus and Christian Humanism
How did Erasmus pave the way for the Reformation?
criticized the abuses in the Catholic Church along with other aspects of his society and called for reform

5. Religion on the Eve of Reformation
Why did Erasmus and others think that the Catholic Church needed to be reformed?
Popes were more concerned with politics than spiritual concerns
Many church officials used their offices to gain wealth
Parish priests were often ignorant of their spiritual duties
Church was selling indulgences

6. Religion on the Eve of Reformation
What was the Modern Devotion?
mystical movement that rejected dogma and instead stressed the need to follow the teachings of Jesus

7. Martin Luther German monk and professor
What were the Ninety-five Theses?
attack on the selling of indulgences
nailed to the door of the Catholic Church in Wittenberg in 1517

8. Martin Luther
What were the consequences of Luther’s Ninety-five Theses?
Catholic Church excommunicated Luther in 1521
Edict of Worms made Luther an outlaw in the Holy Roman Empire
Gave rise to separate religious reform movements
Breakdown of religious unity in Europe

9. Rise of Lutheranism Salvation Sacraments Clergy and Marriage
Church Services
Lutheranism
through faith in God alone
Baptism and Eucharist
clergy could marry
consisted of Bible readings, preaching, and songs
Catholicism
by faith and good works
seven sacraments
clergy could not marry and had to be celibate
Catholic mass

10. Politics in the German Reformation
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor
King of Spain
Wanted to preserve his empire by keeping it Catholic
Problems
Series of wars with France
Disliked Pope Clement VII, who sided with France
Invasion of eastern empire by Ottoman Turks

11. Politics in the German Reformation
German princes supported Luther
Charles V was forced to seek peace
How did the Peace of Augsburg influence the political and religious development of Germany?
Formally accepted the division of Christianity in Germany
German states could choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism