1. Protestant Reformation Spreads
Ch 11: Age of Reformation
Protestant Reformation Spreads

2. The Protestant Reformation started with a simple question:
What must I do to be saved?

3. Lutheranism
Martin Luther, 1520
Germany
Denmark
Norway
Sweden

4. Lutheranism Doctrine Services & Bible in vernacular Clergy could marry
No Purgatory!
Priests unnecessary; “Priesthood of all believers”
Two sacraments remained: Baptism and Eucharist (Lord’s Supper)
Believed in transubstantiation = Jesus’ presence in Communion

5. Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531, Switzerland
Preached salvation through faith alone, scriptures should be basis of religious practice
Services in simple vernacular

6. Ulrich Zwingli
Conflict with Luther = first major Protestant doctrine dispute
Against transubstantiation = communion bread and wine are simply a symbol of Christ
Zwingli developed symbolic view of Eucharist
Killed in fighting against Catholics
Luther vs. Zwingli in Marburg debate, 1529

7. Radical Reformers: Anabaptists
Broke from Zwingli in Switzerland (spread to Netherlands, Italy, Poland)
Appealed to poor (Desire to return to early Christianity’s equality)
Adult baptism
Apocalyptic (the end is near)
Did not accept government authority
Became Mennonites

8. Radical Reformers: Anabaptists
Catholics & Protestants sought to root out these communities, became a crime punishable by death
Munster Rebellion,
Anabaptists capture city of Munster
Shared property and possessions, polygamy
Catholics & Lutherans storm city
Turning point for Anabaptists
Partition b/w pacifists and non-pacifists
Menno Simons led the pacifists
Separation from the world
Mennonites

9. Calvinism Switzerland France German States Scotland Netherlands
John Calvin, ( ) France & Switzerland
Switzerland
France
German States
Scotland
Netherlands

10. Calvinism Doctrine Studied Erasmus
Fled to Switzerland because Protestantism was being crushed in France (Francis I, Henry II)
Reconciliation to God through doing his will
Predestination, or Doctrine of Election
Geneva  Consistory enforced strict religious policies
Reformation Wall, Geneva

11. Persecution of Huguenots
French Calvinists
Persecuted  burned at the stake, tongues cut off
Fled across Europe
To be continued…

12. Charles V Denounced Luther & Protestants Distracted by war with France
When Turks advanced, he appealed to Lutheran princes for help

13. Peace of Augsburg, 1555
After wars, tried to reconvert Protestants back to Catholicism
Tried to reform Catholic churches, met with resistance
Peace of Augsburg = Compromise
Prince decides the religion of his territory