1. The Reformation ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: WHAT CONDITIONS CAN ENCOURAGE THE DESIRE FOR REFORM? HOW CAN REFORM INFLUENCE SOCIETY AND BELIEFS?

2. Prelude to Reformation  Christian Humanism: a movement that developed in northern Europe during the Renaissance combining classical learning (humanism) with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church  Desiderius Erasmus  Sought to reform the Church from within  Need for Reform  Church officials more concerned about career/wealth  Indulgence: a release from all or part of punishment for sin by the Catholic Church, reducing time in purgatory after death  Sold by the Church and signed by the Pope

3. Martin Luther and the Ninety- Five Theses  Martin Luther  German monk  Believed humans saved through their faith, not good works  Bible only valid source of truth  The Ninety-Five Theses  Luther angry about selling of indulgences  Said to have posted “complaints” on door of Castle Church in Wittenberg  Thousands of copies made thanks to printing press  A Break with the Church  Luther excommunicated

4. The Rise of Lutheranism  Luther supported by German rulers  Took control of Catholic churches, forming state churches  Lutheranism: the religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed  The first Protestant faith  The Peasant’s War  Rebellious peasants turned to Luther for support  Luther supported German princes

5. Political Impact  Religious warfare in Germany  German princes sided with Luther as a way to oppose papal authority  Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) unable to defeat them due to other political struggles  Peace of Augsburg (1555)  Formally accepted the division of Christianity in Germany

6. The Spread of Protestantism  Protestantism in Switzerland  Reform movement led by priest, Ulrich Zwingli  Killed in war between Protestant and Catholic states  John Calvin  Took over Protestantism in Switzerland  Introduced the idea of predestination (belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved and who will be damned)  Became most important form of Protestantism

7. Reformation in England  King Henry VIII  Request for divorce/annulment from wife Catherine denied by pope  Led the England’s break from the Catholic Church  Anne Boleyn  Henry’s new wife and queen  Gave birth to future Queen Elizabeth I  Anglican Church (Church of England)  King was the head of the Church  Dissolved monasteries and sold their lands/possessions  Remained similar to Catholicism

8. Reformation in England  Edward VI succeeded Henry  Son of Henry’s third wife  Anglican Church moved in a more Protestant direction  Edward died at 16 from tuberculosis  Mary I (Bloody Mary) succeeded Edward  Catherine’s daughter and a Catholic  Ordered burning of almost 300 Protestants

9. The Spread of Protestantism  Anabaptists  Believed in complete separation of church and state  Persecuted by both Protestants and Catholics  Reformation and Society  Protestants expanded education  Abolished monasticism and celibacy requirement for clergy  Anti-Semitism  Remained common  Luther recommended Jewish synagogues be destroyed  Catholics forced Jews to live in ghettos

10. The Counter-Reformation  Society of Jesus (The Jesuits)  Founded by Ignatius Loyola (Spain)  Used education to restore Catholicism and spread it to other parts of the world  Reform of the Papacy  Pope Paul III established the Reform Commission and the Council of Trent  Council reaffirmed Catholic teachings  Selling of indulgences forbidden