1 Introduction to the Plant Kingdom Introduction to the Plant Kingdom copyright cmassengale

2 Algae & Land Plant Similarities Both contain chlorophylls a and b Both contain chlorophylls a and b Have chloroplasts with stacks of thylakoids Have chloroplasts with stacks of thylakoids Store starch in plastids Store starch in plastids Cellulose in cell walls Cellulose in cell walls Go through Alternation of Generations life Cycle Go through Alternation of Generations life Cycle copyright cmassengale

3 Plant Adaptations to Land Problems: Need minerals Need minerals Gravity Gravity Increase in Height for Light Increase in Height for Light Adaptations for Drier environment Adaptations for Drier environment Reproduction Reproduction Solutions: Roots absorb H 2 O & minerals Roots absorb H 2 O & minerals Lignin & cellulose in cell walls Lignin & cellulose in cell walls Vascular Transport System Vascular Transport System Waxy cuticle & stomata with guard cells Waxy cuticle & stomata with guard cells Pollen containing sperm Pollen containing sperm copyright cmassengale

4 Plant Characteristics Multicellular Multicellular Autotrophic (photosynthesis) Autotrophic (photosynthesis) Chlorophylls a and b in thylakoid membranes Chlorophylls a and b in thylakoid membranes Surrounded by cell walls containing cellulose (polysaccharide) Surrounded by cell walls containing cellulose (polysaccharide) Store reserve food as amylose (starch) Store reserve food as amylose (starch) copyright cmassengale

5 Plant Divisions copyright cmassengale

6 Taxonomy Plants are divided into two groups Plants are divided into two groups Based on the presence or absence of an internal transport system for water and dissolved materials Based on the presence or absence of an internal transport system for water and dissolved materials Called Vascular System Called Vascular System Vascular Bundles copyright cmassengale

7 Vascular System Xylem tissue carries water and minerals upward from the roots Xylem tissue carries water and minerals upward from the roots Phloem tissue carries sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or used Phloem tissue carries sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or used Sap is the fluid carried inside the xylem or phloem Sap is the fluid carried inside the xylem or phloem copyright cmassengale

8 Nonvascular Plants Do not have vascular tissue for support or conduction of materials Do not have vascular tissue for support or conduction of materials Called Bryophytes Called Bryophytes Require a constantly moist environment Require a constantly moist environment Moss Gametophytes & Sporophytes Sporophyte stage Gametophyte Stage copyright cmassengale

9 Nonvascular Plants Plants can’t grow as tall Plants can’t grow as tall Cells must be in direct contact with moisture Cells must be in direct contact with moisture Materials move by diffusion cell-to-cell Materials move by diffusion cell-to-cell Sperm must swim to egg through water droplets Sperm must swim to egg through water droplets copyright cmassengale

10 Nonvascular Plants Includes mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Antherophyta) Includes mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Antherophyta) LiverwortsHornworts copyright cmassengale

11 Main Parts of Vascular Plants Shoots Shoots -Found above ground -Have leaves attached - Photosynthetic part of plant Roots Roots -Found below ground -Absorb water & minerals -Anchor the plant copyright cmassengale

12 Vascular Plants Also called Tracheophytes Also called Tracheophytes Subdivided into two groups -- Seedless vascular plants and Seed- bearing vascular plants Subdivided into two groups -- Seedless vascular plants and Seed- bearing vascular plants Club Moss copyright cmassengale

13 Seedless Vascular Plants Includes club moss (Lycophyta), horsetails (Sphenophyta), whisk ferns (Psilophyta), and ferns (Pterophyta) Includes club moss (Lycophyta), horsetails (Sphenophyta), whisk ferns (Psilophyta), and ferns (Pterophyta) Horsetails Whisk ferns copyright cmassengale

14 Seed-Producing Vascular Plants Includes two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Includes two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones Angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds to attract pollinators and produce seeds Angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds to attract pollinators and produce seeds copyright cmassengale

15 Gymnosperms Coniferophyta are known as conifers Coniferophyta are known as conifers Includes pine, cedar, spruce, and fir Includes pine, cedar, spruce, and fir Cycadophyta – cycads Cycadophyta – cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Ginkgo Cycad copyright cmassengale

16 Gymnosperms Contains the oldest living plant – Bristle cone pine Contains the oldest living plant – Bristle cone pine Contains the tallest living plant – Sequoia or redwood Contains the tallest living plant – Sequoia or redwood copyright cmassengale

17 Angiosperms Flowering plants Flowering plants Seeds are formed when an egg or ovule is fertilized by pollen in the ovary Seeds are formed when an egg or ovule is fertilized by pollen in the ovary Ovary is within a flower Ovary is within a flower Flower contains the male (stamen) and/or female (ovaries) parts of the plant Flower contains the male (stamen) and/or female (ovaries) parts of the plant Fruits are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries (help disperse seeds) Fruits are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries (help disperse seeds) copyright cmassengale

18 Angiosperms Division Anthophyta Division Anthophyta Subdivided into two groups – Monocots and Dicots Subdivided into two groups – Monocots and Dicots Monocots have a single seed cotyledon Monocots have a single seed cotyledon Dicots have two seed cotyledons Dicots have two seed cotyledons copyright cmassengale

19 Monocots Parallel venation in leaves Parallel venation in leaves Flower parts in multiples of 3 Flower parts in multiples of 3 Vascular tissue scattered in cross section of stem Vascular tissue scattered in cross section of stem copyright cmassengale

20 Dicots Net venation in leaves Net venation in leaves Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Vascular tissue in rings in cross section of stem Vascular tissue in rings in cross section of stem copyright cmassengale

21 Why We Can’t do Without Plants! Produce oxygen for the atmosphere Produce oxygen for the atmosphere Produce lumber for building Produce lumber for building Provide homes and food for many organisms Provide homes and food for many organisms Prevent erosion Prevent erosion Used for food Used for food copyright cmassengale

22 More Reasons We Can’t do Without Plants! Produce wood pulp for paper products Produce wood pulp for paper products Source of many medicines Source of many medicines Ornamental and shade for yards Ornamental and shade for yards Fibers such as cotton for fabric Fibers such as cotton for fabric Dyes Dyes copyright cmassengale