1. Introduction to the Plant Kingdom
Modified from cmassengale

2. Modified from cmassengale
Plant Uses
Modified from cmassengale

3. Why We Can’t do Without Plants!
Produce oxygen for the atmosphere
Produce lumber for building
Provide homes and food for many organisms
Prevent erosion
Used for food
Modified from cmassengale

4. More Reasons We Can’t do Without Plants!
Produce wood pulp for paper products
Source of many medicines
Ornamental and shade for yards
Fibers such as cotton for fabric
Dyes
Landscaping
copyright cmassengale

5. How Are Plants All Alike?
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6. Plant Characteristics
Multicellular
Autotrophic (photosynthesis)
Chlorophylls a and b in thylakoid membranes
Surrounded by cell walls containing cellulose (polysaccharide)
Store reserve food as amylose (starch)
copyright cmassengale

7. copyright cmassengale
Plant Reproduction
Alternation of generations life cycle
Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage
Haploid (1n) gametophyte stage
Produce multicellular embryo protected inside multicellular haploid (gametophyte egg sac) tissue
copyright cmassengale

8. copyright cmassengale
Plant Reproduction
Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage produces haploid spores by meiosis
Haploid spores undergo mitosis to produce gametophyte stage
Gametophyte makes gametes (eggs and sperm) by meiosis
Zygote (2n) produces the new sporophyte
copyright cmassengale

9. Alternation of Generations
Gametophyte
2n Sporophyte
2n gametophyte
1n pollen
2n seed with plant embryo
Ovary with 1n ovules (eggs)
Sporophyte
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10. Modified from cmassengale
Plant Divisions
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Taxonomy
Plants are divided into two groups
Based on the presence or absence of an internal transport system for water and dissolved materials
Called Vascular System
Vascular Bundles
Modified from cmassengale

12. copyright cmassengale
Vascular System
Xylem tissue carries water and minerals upward from the roots
Phloem tissue carries sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or used
Sap is the fluid carried inside the xylem or phloem
copyright cmassengale

13. Nonvascular Plants
Do not have vascular tissue for support or conduction of materials
Called Bryophytes
Require a constantly moist environment
Sporophyte stage
Gametophyte Stage
Moss Gametophytes & Sporophytes
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14. copyright cmassengale
Nonvascular Plants
Plants can’t grow as tall
Cells must be in direct contact with moisture
Materials move by diffusion cell-to-cell
Sperm must swim to egg through water droplets
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15. copyright cmassengale
Nonvascular Plants
Includes mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Antherophyta)
Liverworts
Hornworts
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16. Main Parts of Vascular Plants
Shoots
-Found above ground
-Have leaves attached
- Photosynthetic part of plant
Roots
-Found below ground
-Absorb water & minerals
-Anchor the plant
copyright cmassengale

17. Modified from cmassengale
Vascular Plants
Also called Tracheophytes
Subdivided into two groups -- Seedless vascular plants and Seed-bearing vascular plants
Club Moss
Modified from cmassengale

18. Seedless Vascular Plants
Includes club moss (Lycophyta), horsetails (Sphenophyta), whisk ferns (Psilophyta), and ferns (Pterophyta)
Whisk ferns
Modified from cmassengale
Horsetails

19. Seed-Producing Vascular Plants
Includes two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones
Angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds to attract pollinators and produce seeds
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Gymnosperms
Coniferophyta are known as conifers
Includes pine, cedar, spruce, and fir
Cycadophyta – cycads
Ginkgophyta - ginkgo
Cycad
Ginkgo
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Gymnosperms
Contains the oldest living plant – Bristle cone pine
Contains the tallest living plant – Sequoia or redwood
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Angiosperms
Flowering plants
Seeds are formed when an egg or ovule is fertilized by pollen in the ovary
Ovary is within a flower
Flower contains the male (stamen) and/or female (ovaries) parts of the plant
Fruits are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries (help disperse seeds)
Modified from cmassengale

23. Modified from cmassengale
Angiosperms
Division Anthophyta
Subdivided into two groups – Monocots and Dicots
Monocots have a single seed cotyledon
Dicots have two seed cotyledons
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Monocots
Parallel venation in leaves
Flower parts in multiples of 3
Vascular tissue scattered in cross section of stem
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Dicots
Net venation in leaves
Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5
Vascular tissue in rings in cross section of stem
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Plant Vocabulary
Annual: A plant that germinates, grows, reproduces, and dies in one growing season
Perennial: A plant that has the ability to live for more than one year
Biennials – weak perennials that usually die after the second growing season
Modified from cmassengale

27. copyright cmassengale
Plant Vocabulary
Warm Season Plants: plants that begin growth and/or are planted in the spring or early summer and do most of their growth during the warmest part of the year
Cool Season Plants: plants that begin growth and/or are planted in the fall or early spring and do most of their growth during the coolest months of the year (except during winter)
copyright cmassengale

28. Modified from cmassengale