1. 1 Introduction to the Plant Kingdom Introduction to the Plant Kingdom

2. 2 Early Ancestors Aquatic to Terrestrial Life

3. 3 Aquatic Ancestor Closest living species to a possible land plant ancestor Closest living species to a possible land plant ancestor Group of green algae Group of green algae Called Charyophyceans Called Charyophyceans Chara

4. 4 Algae & Land Plant Similarities Both contain chlorophylls a and b Both contain chlorophylls a and b Have chloroplasts with stacks of thylakoids Have chloroplasts with stacks of thylakoids Store starch in plastids Store starch in plastids Cellulose in cell walls Cellulose in cell walls Go through Alternation of Generations life Cycle Go through Alternation of Generations life Cycle

5. 5 Terrestrial Habitat Aquatic Habitat

6. 6 Living in Aquatic Environments Plants surrounded by water so don’t dry out Plants surrounded by water so don’t dry out Sperm swims to egg Sperm swims to egg Water supports plant Water supports plant Plants stay in upper surface near light Plants stay in upper surface near light Absorb nutrients from the H 2 O Absorb nutrients from the H 2 O

7. 7 Plant Adaptations to Land Problems: Need minerals Need minerals Gravity Gravity Increase in Height for Light Increase in Height for Light Adaptations for Drier environment Adaptations for Drier environment Reproduction Reproduction Solutions: Roots absorb H 2 O & minerals Roots absorb H 2 O & minerals Lignin & cellulose in cell walls Lignin & cellulose in cell walls Vascular Transport System Vascular Transport System Waxy cuticle & stomata with guard cells Waxy cuticle & stomata with guard cells Pollen containing sperm Pollen containing sperm

8. 8 How Are Plants All Alike?

9. 9 Plant Characteristics Multicellular Multicellular Autotrophic (photosynthesis) Autotrophic (photosynthesis) Chlorophylls a and b in thylakoid membranes Chlorophylls a and b in thylakoid membranes Surrounded by cell walls containing cellulose (polysaccharide) Surrounded by cell walls containing cellulose (polysaccharide) Store reserve food as amylose (starch) Store reserve food as amylose (starch)

10. 10 Plant Reproduction Alternation of generations life cycle Alternation of generations life cycle Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage Haploid (1n) gametophyte stage Haploid (1n) gametophyte stage Produce multicellular embryo protected inside multicellular haploid (gametophyte egg sac) tissue Produce multicellular embryo protected inside multicellular haploid (gametophyte egg sac) tissue

11. 11 Plant Reproduction Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage produces haploid spores by meiosis Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage produces haploid spores by meiosis Haploid spores undergo mitosis to produce gametophyte stage Haploid spores undergo mitosis to produce gametophyte stage Gametophyte makes gametes (eggs and sperm) Gametophyte makes gametes (eggs and sperm)

12. 12 Alternation of Generations 2n 1n 1n

13. 13 Plant Divisions

14. 14 Taxonomy Plants are divided into two groups Plants are divided into two groups Based on the presence or absence of an internal transport system for water and dissolved materials Based on the presence or absence of an internal transport system for water and dissolved materials Called Vascular System Called Vascular System Vascular Bundles

15. 15 Nonvascular Plants Do not have vascular tissue for support or conduction of materials Do not have vascular tissue for support or conduction of materials Called Bryophytes Called Bryophytes Require a constantly moist environment Require a constantly moist environment Moss Gametophytes & Sporophytes Sporophyte stage Gametophyte Stage

16. 16 Nonvascular Plants Plants can’t grow as tall Plants can’t grow as tall Cells must be in direct contact with moisture Cells must be in direct contact with moisture Materials move by diffusion cell-to-cell Materials move by diffusion cell-to-cell Sperm must swim to egg through water droplets Sperm must swim to egg through water droplets

17. 17 Nonvascular Plants Includes mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Antherophyta) Includes mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Antherophyta) LiverwortsHornworts

18. Non-Vascular plants that do not have tubes to carry water up the plant or tubes to carry food made in the leaves down the plant plants that do not have tubes to carry water up the plant or tubes to carry food made in the leaves down the plant Examples: Examples: mosses mosses mosses liverworts liverworts liverworts ferns ferns ferns hornworts hornworts hornworts

19. Non-Vascular Moss Moss

20. Non-Vascular Liverwort Liverwort

21. Non-Vascular Fern Fern

22. Non-Vascular Hornwort Hornwort

23. 23 Vascular Plants Also called Tracheophytes Also called Tracheophytes Subdivided into two groups -- Seedless vascular plants and Seed- bearing vascular plants Subdivided into two groups -- Seedless vascular plants and Seed- bearing vascular plants Club Moss

24. 24 Seedless Vascular Plants Includes club moss (Lycophyta), horsetails (Sphenophyta), whisk ferns (Psilophyta), and ferns (Pterophyta) Includes club moss (Lycophyta), horsetails (Sphenophyta), whisk ferns (Psilophyta), and ferns (Pterophyta) Horsetails Whisk ferns

25. 25 Seed-Producing Vascular Plants Includes two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Includes two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones Angiosperms have flowers to attract pollinators and produce seeds Angiosperms have flowers to attract pollinators and produce seeds

26. 26 Gymnosperms Coniferophyta are known as conifers Coniferophyta are known as conifers Includes pine, cedar, spruce, and fir Includes pine, cedar, spruce, and fir Cycadophyta – cycads Cycadophyta – cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Ginkgo Cycad

27. 27 Gymnosperms Contains the oldest living plant – Bristle cone pine Contains the oldest living plant – Bristle cone pine Contains the tallest living plant – Sequoia or redwood Contains the tallest living plant – Sequoia or redwood

28. 28 Angiosperms Flowering plants Flowering plants Seeds are formed when an egg or ovule is fertilized by pollen in the ovary Seeds are formed when an egg or ovule is fertilized by pollen in the ovary Ovary is within a flower Ovary is within a flower Flower contains the male (stamen) and/or female (ovaries) parts of the plant Flower contains the male (stamen) and/or female (ovaries) parts of the plant Fruits are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries Fruits are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries

29. Parts of a Flower Male Parts Female Parts

30. Parts of a Flower Male Parts Female Parts The stamen consists of two parts: the anther and the filament. The filament holds the anther. The anther produces and carries the pollen.

31. Parts of a Flower Male Parts Female Parts The pistil consists of three parts: the stigma, style, and ovary. The stigma is the sticky part that traps and holds the pollen. The style is the tube-like structure that holds up the stigma. The ovary and the ovule are at the bottom of the style.

32. Parts of a Flower Male Parts Female Parts The petals attract pollinators. (bees, hummingbirds, butterflies, for example)

33. Parts of a Flower Male Parts Female Parts The sepals are the green petal-like parts at the base of the flower. Sepals help protect the developing bud.

34. 34 Angiosperms Division Anthophyta Division Anthophyta Subdivided into two groups – Monocots and Dicots Subdivided into two groups – Monocots and Dicots Monocots have parallel veins & flower parts in multiples of 3 Monocots have parallel veins & flower parts in multiples of 3 Dicots have net-veined leaves with flower parts in multiples of 4’s or 5’s Dicots have net-veined leaves with flower parts in multiples of 4’s or 5’s

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