1. Kingdom Plantae

2. 22.1 Intro to Plants What is a plant? A member of the kingdom Plantae. Plants are multi-cellular eukaryotes with cell walls composed of cellulose What is a plant? A member of the kingdom Plantae. Plants are multi-cellular eukaryotes with cell walls composed of cellulose Plants are autotrophs, they make their own food by photosynthesis using pigments such as chlorophyll a & b. Plants are autotrophs, they make their own food by photosynthesis using pigments such as chlorophyll a & b.

3. Plant Reproduction Plants have life cycles that are characterized by alternation of generations Plants have life cycles that are characterized by alternation of generations During the life cycle, plants alternate from a haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte. These forms vary greatly from phylum to phylum During the life cycle, plants alternate from a haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte. These forms vary greatly from phylum to phylum In order to gain independence from water, plants had to evolve to reproduce without it In order to gain independence from water, plants had to evolve to reproduce without it

4. What Plants Need to Survive Sunlight- plants use the energy from the sunlight to produce food by photosynthesis Sunlight- plants use the energy from the sunlight to produce food by photosynthesis Water and Minerals- plants need a constant supply of water in order to make food. Minerals are nutrients in the soil that are needed for plant growth Water and Minerals- plants need a constant supply of water in order to make food. Minerals are nutrients in the soil that are needed for plant growth Gas exchange- plants need CO2 for photosynthesis and O2 for respiration Gas exchange- plants need CO2 for photosynthesis and O2 for respiration Movement of water and minerals- plants must be able to take in both water and minerals and transport them throughout. Movement of water and minerals- plants must be able to take in both water and minerals and transport them throughout.

5. Evolution of Plants Plants once lived only in the water. All life processes took place there, including reproduction Plants once lived only in the water. All life processes took place there, including reproduction As plants evolved, they developed ways to reproduce and live on land As plants evolved, they developed ways to reproduce and live on land Sperm no longer swam in water for reproduction and plants developed ways to take in and store water Sperm no longer swam in water for reproduction and plants developed ways to take in and store water The most well known ancestor of plants is green algae The most well known ancestor of plants is green algae

6. Bryophytes- Non Vascular Plants Mosses, liverworts and hornworts are all bryophytes Mosses, liverworts and hornworts are all bryophytes Bryophytes need water to reproduce and are very small because they lack tissue to transport water and nutrients Bryophytes need water to reproduce and are very small because they lack tissue to transport water and nutrients Bryophytes do not have true roots, stems and leaves. They have root like structures called rhizoids to anchor them in the ground Bryophytes do not have true roots, stems and leaves. They have root like structures called rhizoids to anchor them in the ground

7. Examples Mossliverwort Hornwort

8. Seedless Vascular Plants Vascular tissue allows plants to transport water and nutrients throughout their body Vascular tissue allows plants to transport water and nutrients throughout their body Tracheids are specialized cells that make up xylem, the tissue that transports water Tracheids are specialized cells that make up xylem, the tissue that transports water Phloem is tissue that transports food, meaning nutrients and carbohydrates Phloem is tissue that transports food, meaning nutrients and carbohydrates Xylem and phloem can transport water and food even against gravity Xylem and phloem can transport water and food even against gravity

9. Ferns and Their Relatives Ferns are members of the phylum Pterophyta and have true vascular tissue. They also have strong creeping roots called rhizomes and large leaves called fronds Ferns are members of the phylum Pterophyta and have true vascular tissue. They also have strong creeping roots called rhizomes and large leaves called fronds Horsetails and Club mosses are also seedless vascular plants Horsetails and Club mosses are also seedless vascular plants

10. Examples Fern horsetail Club Moss

11. Seed Plants Adaptations that allow seed plants to repro duce outside of water include flowers, cones, pollination and protection of embryos in seeds Gymnosperms and Angiosperms are examples of seed plants

12. Gymnosperms- Cone Bearers Include gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgoes, conifers Conifers are considered “evergreens” they retain their needle shaped leaves all year All gymnosperms reproduce using exposed seed, the name literally means “naked seed” The most common gymnosperm is the conifer, phylum Coniferophyta. These include pines, spruces, firs, cedars

13. Angiosperms- Flowering plants Have unique reproductive structures called flowers Have unique reproductive structures called flowers Flowers contain ovaries, which protect and surround the seed Flowers contain ovaries, which protect and surround the seed Fruits develop after fertilization, (pollination) and protect the seed and aid in dispersal Fruits develop after fertilization, (pollination) and protect the seed and aid in dispersal

14. Diversity of Angiosperms- the two classes MONOCOTSDICOTS Embryo with single cotyledon Embryo with two cotyledons Pollen with single furrow or pore Pollen with three furrows or pores Flower parts in multiples of three Flower parts in multiples of four or five Major leaf veins parallel Major leaf veins reticulated Stem vacular bundles scattered Stem vascular bundles in a ring Fibrous roots Taproots Secondary growth absent Secondary growth often present