Preview p.80 1.Complete Preview on p.80 1.Where should we draw the line between normality and abnormality? 2.How should we define psychological disorders? 3.How should we understand disorders – as sickness that need to be diagnosed and cured or as natural responses to a troubling environment?

Psychological Disorders Chapter 16, pp Notebook p. 81

Defining Psychological Disorders Behavior is considered disordered when it is deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional.

Defining Psychological Disorders A syndrome marked by a “clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regularion, or behavior” American Psychological Association, 2013

Sarason & Sarason (2005) Research on public attitudes has shown that most people feel uncomfortable with the mentally ill and find their behavior to be both unpredictable and dangerous

Explaining Psychological Disorders Phillippe Pinel…mental illness was not the result of demonic possession, but a sickness of the mind  medical model – specific symptoms that must be treated medically

Explaining Psychological Disorders Biopsychosocial approach

Explaining Psychological Disorders What actually triggers the disorder? Diathesis-stress model: suggests that the amount and type of stress play a crucial role in triggering genetic predispositions, which could result in psychological disorders – 2 people are equally predisposed (genetically speaking) to depression…

Classifying Psychological Disorders American Psychiatric Association’s 2013 Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) – Structured Clinical Interview – Diagnostic Criteria and Codes

Classifying Psychological Disorders Removal of Multiaxial System – Axis 1: Acute Mental Disorders – Axis 2: Chronic Mental Disorders (Personality or Retardation) – Axis 3: Medical or Neurological Conditions – Axis 4: Psychosocial Stressors – Axis 5: Global Assessment of Functioning

Classifying Psychological Disorders Removal of Multiaxial System – Diagnoses either present or absent (no distinction between Axes I, II, or III) – Psychosocial and Environmental Problems noted separately (using the Internal Classification of Diseases V and Z codes used in the diagnoses of medical conditions) – Disease/Disorder separated from Dysfunction (If you have cancer, you have cancer, regardless of whether the disease is impairing your daily activities)

Labeling Psychological Disorders Which of the following do you feel is less stigmatizing: – Calling someone a “schizophrenic”? – Calling someone a “person with schizophrenia”?

Labeling Psychological Disorders How might the issue of labeling affect teachers? Studies show that labeling of students can bias a teacher’s treatment of a particular student. However, knowing a student’s diagnosis can help a teacher get that student the help he or she needs to succeed. How can a balance be reached? – What type of training should teachers go through to help them be more sensitive to the power of labels? – Should teachers and students be informed of their labels? Why or why not? – How can teachers and students be proactive about learning disabilities?

Labeling Psychological Disorders Take a few minutes to review/complete your response to the scenario in Handout 12-5 Clearly indicate at the end of your response whether I may share it with the rest of the class.

Labeling Psychological Disorder Everyone has a traumatic experience that can cause a psychological disorder but not everyone succumbs. Single episodes do not qualify as causes of disorders.

Mental Health as Flourishing Positive Emotions – Positive affect (cheerful, calm, interested in life) – Avowed quality of life (highly satisfied overall)

Mental Health as Flourishing Positive psychological functioning (psychological well-being) – Self-acceptance – Personal growth – Purpose in life – Environmental Mastery – Autonomy – Positive relations with others

Mental Flourishing Positive social functioning (social well-being) – Social acceptance – Social actualization – Social contribution – Social coherence – Social integration

Mental Health as Flourishing According to Keyes et al. (2005) approximately 20 percent of the adult population is “flourishing” – Keyes suggests a need for a national program for mental health promotion – Completely mentally healthy adults… miss the fewest days of work; have the lowest risk of cardiovascular disease; fewest health limitations on activities of daily living

Anxiety Disorders

Characterized by extreme feelings of apprehension, which disrupt functioning Most common type of mental illness in the United States Affects 19 million Americans annually (2001)

Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD General Anxiety Disorder Phobias Panic Disorder Classified Separately in the DSM-5: – Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder – Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders OCD Hoarding disorder Trichotillomanic (hair pulling) disorder Body dismorphic disorder

Trauma- and Stressor- Related Disorders PTSD Adjustment Disorder Reactive Attachment Disorder

Causes of Anxiety Disorders Biological Run in families Twin studies: if one identical twin develops and anxiety disorder, the other has an increased chance of developing one as well Inherit predispositions that cause the autonomic nervous system to overreact to stressful stimuli Natural Selection

Causes of Anxiety Disorders Biological Overactive norepinephrine (arousal) Underactive serotonin (sleep and mood) – OCD and social phobia Deficiency of GABA (inhibitory)  racing thoughts

Causes of Anxiety Disorders Psychological Observational Learning Lack of perceived control Fear Conditioning  stimulus generalization

Process p.80 Can you recall a fear that you have learned? What role, if any, was played by fear conditioning and by observational learning?