1. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 1 Chapter 14 Psychological Disorders Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2005. Developed and prepared by Joseph A. Davis, Ph.D. This Allyn and Bacon multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission over any network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 2 Chapter 14 Main Points  The Nature of Psychological Disorders  Classifying Psychological Disorders  Psychology in Your Life: Is “Insanity” Really a Defense?  Major Types of Psychological Disorders  Psychology in the 21 st Century: Pinpointing Interactions of Nature and Nurture  Schizophrenic Disorders  The Stigma of Mental Illness  The Nature of Psychological Disorders  Classifying Psychological Disorders  Psychology in Your Life: Is “Insanity” Really a Defense?  Major Types of Psychological Disorders  Psychology in the 21 st Century: Pinpointing Interactions of Nature and Nurture  Schizophrenic Disorders  The Stigma of Mental Illness

3. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 3 What is Abnormal?  Distress or Disability  Maladaptiveness  Irrationality  Unpredictability  Unconventionality and Statistical Rarity  Observer Discomfort  Violation of Moral and Ideal Standards  Distress or Disability  Maladaptiveness  Irrationality  Unpredictability  Unconventionality and Statistical Rarity  Observer Discomfort  Violation of Moral and Ideal Standards

4. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 4 Historical Perspectives  Hysteria  Emergence of the Medical Model –Possession –Mental illness  Emergence of the Psychological Model –Animal Magnetism –Hypnotism  Hysteria  Emergence of the Medical Model –Possession –Mental illness  Emergence of the Psychological Model –Animal Magnetism –Hypnotism

5. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 5 Etiology of Psychopathology  Biological Approaches  Psychological Approaches –Psychodynamic –Behavioral –Cognitive –Sociocultural  Biological Approaches  Psychological Approaches –Psychodynamic –Behavioral –Cognitive –Sociocultural

6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 6 Classifying Psychological Disorders  Goals of Classification –Common shorthand language used by clinicians and treatment specialists –Understanding of etiology (causes) –Treatment planning  Goals of Classification –Common shorthand language used by clinicians and treatment specialists –Understanding of etiology (causes) –Treatment planning

7. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 7 Classifying Psychological Disorders  DSM-IV (1994) and DSM-IV-TR (2000) –Axis I – Clinical Disorders –Axis II – Personality Disorders, Mental Retardation –Axis III – General Medical Conditions –Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental Problems (Psychosocial Stressors) –Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF Scale)  DSM-IV (1994) and DSM-IV-TR (2000) –Axis I – Clinical Disorders –Axis II – Personality Disorders, Mental Retardation –Axis III – General Medical Conditions –Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental Problems (Psychosocial Stressors) –Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF Scale)

8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 8 Classifying Psychological Disorders  Evolution of Diagnostic Categories –Neurotic Disorders –Psychotic Disorders –Homosexuality –Culture-bound Syndromes  Evolution of Diagnostic Categories –Neurotic Disorders –Psychotic Disorders –Homosexuality –Culture-bound Syndromes

9. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 9 Major Types of Psychological Disorders  Anxiety Disorders  Mood Disorders  Personality Disorders  Dissociative Disorders  Schizophrenic Disorders  Anxiety Disorders  Mood Disorders  Personality Disorders  Dissociative Disorders  Schizophrenic Disorders

10. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 10 Anxiety Disorders: Types  Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) –Individual feels anxious and worried most of the time without specific threat or danger  Panic Disorder –Unexpected, severe panic attacks  Agoraphobia –Extreme fear of being in public places from which escape may be difficult  Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) –Individual feels anxious and worried most of the time without specific threat or danger  Panic Disorder –Unexpected, severe panic attacks  Agoraphobia –Extreme fear of being in public places from which escape may be difficult

11. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 11 Anxiety Disorders: Types  Phobias –Persistent and irrational fear of an object, activity, or situation  Social Phobia –Arises in anticipation of a public situation  Specific Phobia –Occurs in response to specific types of objects or situations  Phobias –Persistent and irrational fear of an object, activity, or situation  Social Phobia –Arises in anticipation of a public situation  Specific Phobia –Occurs in response to specific types of objects or situations

12. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 12 Anxiety Disorders: Types  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) –Obsessions – recurrent thoughts, images, or impulses –Compulsions – repetitive, purposeful acts performed according to certain rules or rituals  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) –Obsessions – recurrent thoughts, images, or impulses –Compulsions – repetitive, purposeful acts performed according to certain rules or rituals

13. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 13 Anxiety Disorders: Types  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) –The persistent re-experiencing of traumatic events, i.e., war, combat, crime, disaster.  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) –The persistent re-experiencing of traumatic events, i.e., war, combat, crime, disaster.

14. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 14 Anxiety Disorders: Causes  Biological  Psychodynamic  Behavioral  Cognitive  Biological  Psychodynamic  Behavioral  Cognitive

15. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 15 Mood Disorders: Types  Major Depressive Disorder –Intense feeling of depression over an extended time  Bipolar Disorder –Alternating periods of depression and mania  Manic Episode –Extreme elation, euphoria, grandiose thoughts or feelings  Major Depressive Disorder –Intense feeling of depression over an extended time  Bipolar Disorder –Alternating periods of depression and mania  Manic Episode –Extreme elation, euphoria, grandiose thoughts or feelings

16. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 16 Mood Disorders: Causes  Biological  Psychodynamic  Behavioral  Cognitive –Beck’s Cognitive Triad –Seligman’s Learned Helplessness Theory  Biological  Psychodynamic  Behavioral  Cognitive –Beck’s Cognitive Triad –Seligman’s Learned Helplessness Theory

17. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 17 Beck’s Cognitive Triad Model Beck’s Cognitive Triad Model suggests that depressed individuals have the following: (1) a negative view of themselves; (2) a negative view of the world; and, (3) a negative view of the future Beck’s Cognitive Triad Model suggests that depressed individuals have the following: (1) a negative view of themselves; (2) a negative view of the world; and, (3) a negative view of the future

18. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 18 Learned Helplessness  Seligman and Learned Helplessness –Similarities between Depression and Helplessness –Hopelessness Theory of Depression  Seligman and Learned Helplessness –Similarities between Depression and Helplessness –Hopelessness Theory of Depression

19. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 19 Mood Disorders  Gender Differences in Depression  Suicide  Gender Differences in Depression  Suicide

20. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 20 Personality Disorders  Paranoid Personality Disorder  Histrionic Personality Disorder  Narcissistic Personality Disorder  Antisocial Personality Disorder  Paranoid Personality Disorder  Histrionic Personality Disorder  Narcissistic Personality Disorder  Antisocial Personality Disorder

21. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 21 Dissociative Disorders  Dissociative Disorder –Notion of Multiple Personality –Disturbance in integration of identity, memory, or consciousness –Dissociative Amnesia –Inability to remember personal experiences  Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) –Two or more distinct personalities –Cases of “Sybil,” “Three Faces of Eve”  Dissociative Disorder –Notion of Multiple Personality –Disturbance in integration of identity, memory, or consciousness –Dissociative Amnesia –Inability to remember personal experiences  Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) –Two or more distinct personalities –Cases of “Sybil,” “Three Faces of Eve”

22. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 22 Schizophrenic Disorders  Schizophrenic Disorder –Breakdown of integrated personality functioning, withdrawal from reality, emotional distortions, disturbed thought  Hallucinations –False perceptions  Delusions –False or irrational beliefs  Schizophrenic Disorder –Breakdown of integrated personality functioning, withdrawal from reality, emotional distortions, disturbed thought  Hallucinations –False perceptions  Delusions –False or irrational beliefs

23. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 23 Major Types of Schizophrenia  Disorganized Type  Catatonic Type  Paranoid Type  Undifferentiated Type  Residual Type  Disorganized Type  Catatonic Type  Paranoid Type  Undifferentiated Type  Residual Type

24. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 24 Causes of Schizophrenia  Genetic Approaches  Diathesis-stress Hypothesis  Brain Function and Biological Markers  Family Interaction as Environmental Stressor  Genetic Approaches  Diathesis-stress Hypothesis  Brain Function and Biological Markers  Family Interaction as Environmental Stressor

25. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 25 Stigma of Mental Illness  Stigma defined –Negative reaction to an individual or group because of some assumed inferiority  Stigma defined –Negative reaction to an individual or group because of some assumed inferiority

26. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 26 Recapping Chapter 14 Main Points  The Nature of Psychological Disorders  Classifying Psychological Disorders  Psychology in Your Life: Is “Insanity” Really a Defense?  Major Types of Psychological Disorders  Psychology in the 21 st Century: Pinpointing Interactions of Nature and Nurture  Schizophrenic Disorders  The Stigma of Mental Illness  The Nature of Psychological Disorders  Classifying Psychological Disorders  Psychology in Your Life: Is “Insanity” Really a Defense?  Major Types of Psychological Disorders  Psychology in the 21 st Century: Pinpointing Interactions of Nature and Nurture  Schizophrenic Disorders  The Stigma of Mental Illness

27. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 27 End of Chapter 14 Psychological Disorders

28. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 28