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2. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM) International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 2

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4. ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR ACCORDING TO DSM: - experience emotional distress - show significant impairment in psychological functioning - impaired functioning, involves difficulties in meeting responsibilities at work (in family @ society in general - behavior of people that places people at risk 4

5. DSM treats abnormal behavior as symptoms of mental disorder DSM recognizes that the cause of mental disorder remain uncertain DSM is used to classify disorders not people 5

6. The DSM is descriptive, not explanatory Specific diagnostic criteria are used Abnormal behavior patterns that share clinical features are grouped together The system is multiaxial 6

7. Axis I Clinical Disorders (all mental disorders except Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation) Axis II Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation Axis III General Medical Conditions (Have to be related to Mental Disorder) Axis IV Psychosocial and Environmental Problems (for example problems with primary support group) Axis V Global Assessment of Functioning (Psychological, social and job-related functions are evaluated on a continuum between mental health and extreme mental disorder) 7

8. The main categories of clinical disorders (Axis I) according to DSM-IV are: 1. Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence 2. Delirium, Dementia, and Amnestic and Other Cognitive Disorders 3. Mental Disorders Due to a General Medical Condition Not Elsewhere Classified 4. Subtance-related Disorders 5. Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders 6. Mood Disorders 7. Anxiety Disorders 8. Somatoform Disorders (Disorders with somatic symptoms) 8

9. 9. Facticious Disorders (Disorders involving faking) 10. Dissociative Disorders (for example multiple- personalities) 11. Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders 12. Eating Disorders 13. Sleep Disorders 14. Impulse Control Disorders Not Elsewhere Classified 15. Adjustment Disorders 16. Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention 9

10. Reliability –Is the degree to which a measuring device produce the same result each time is used to measure the same thing. Validity –Is the extent to which a measuring instrument actually measures what it is supposed to measure 10

11. Advantages: - Permits the clinician to readily match a client’s complain - multiaxis – comprehensive picture of client 11

12. Disadvantages: - stress on categorizing psychological disorders rather than describing people’s behavioral strengths and weaknesses - Potential for stigmatization of people with psychiatric diagnoses 12

13. Sociocultural Factors in the classification of abnormal behavior 13