1. Psychopathology
Definition: “Patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that are maladaptive, disruptive, or uncomfortable for those who are affected…”

2. Brief History of Mental Illness
Demons & evil spirits invaded the body
Treatments included trephination, exorcism, etc.
Ancient Perspectives
Start 45 sec.

3. Brief History of Mental Illness
Explains mental illness in terms of disturbances in anatomy & chemistry of the brain
Hippocrates & humors (fluids) of the body
Specialized hospitals established for the “insane”
Medical Model

4. Explaining Mental Illness: Statistical Infrequency
Use of statistical infrequency.
What do most people do?
High IQs as an example
Cannot be used as a single measure as some infrequent behaviors may be valued.

5. Explaining Mental Illness: Social Norm Violation
Cultural rules of right and wrong behavior.
Bizarre/unusual/disturbing to a culture would be a violation and “abnormal”
Criminal behavior or Odd interests
Cannot be used as a single measure as some violations are simply illegal or eccentric.

6. Explaining Mental Illness: Personal Suffering
Problems are severe enough to require treatment.
Cannot be used as a single measure as some people are distressed over events/issues not considered mental disorders
Death in the family

7. Young schizophrenic at her mind's mercy.mp4
Statistical Infrequency
Social Norm Violation
Personal Suffering
Identify one example for each criteria in the case of Jani.
Young schizophrenic at her mind's mercy.mp4

8. Diagnostic Labels
"A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning.
Mental disorders are usually associated with significant distress in social, occupational, or other important activities. An expectable or culturally approved response to a common stressor or loss, such as the death of a loved one, is not a mental disorder.
Socially deviant behavior (e.g., political, religious, or sexual) and conflicts that are primarily between the individual and society are not mental disorders unless the deviance or conflict results from a dysfunction in the individual, as described above.“ (American Psychiatric Association, p. 20)
DSM 5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Tool containing criteria for diagnosis of mental disorders.
Note: the term “insanity” is not used in the psychological context. It is strictly used in the legal context.

9. Explaining Mental Illness Today: Biopsychosocial Model

10. Schizophrenia Disorder Definition: Major Category (DSM):
“Severe and disabling pattern of disturbed thinking, emotion, perception and behavior.”
Disorder Definition:
Schizophrenia Spectrum
Major Category (DSM):

11. Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Undesirable additions to a person’s behavior
Hallucinations
Delusions
Disorganized speech
Movement disorders
Positive Symptoms
Absence of pleasure (socially withdrawn)
Lack of speech & motivation
Flat affect (emotion)
Negative Symptoms
Identify Symptoms in Gerald case study
Catatonia
For diagnosis, symptoms must have been present for six months & include at least one month of active symptoms.

12. Possible Causes (Etiology) of Schizophrenia
Likelihood of someone suffering from schizophrenia is 50% if their identical twin has the disorder.
Biological Factors
Quads who all developed schizophrenia but with different levels of severity. The most severe cases (older two) were abused by their father and step-father.
Identical
Both parents
Fraternal
One parent
Sibling
Nephew or niece
Unrelated
Genain Quadruplets

13. Possible Causes (Etiology) of Schizophrenia
Abnormal levels of dopamine and/or function of dopamine transmitter systems.
Brain Chemistry
MRI’s show enlarged ventricles in schizophrenic twin (to the right).
Brain Structure & Morphology

14. Possible Causes (Etiology) of Schizophrenia
Learned maladaptive behavior
Disturbed family communication
Continuous environmental triggers
High emotion levels, anxiety, judgement, pressure.
Psychological & Sociocultural Factors
These factors alone are not enough to CAUSE schizophrenia; there must be a predisposition.
This combination of genetic predisposition & stress factors is known as the Diathesis-Stress Model.

15. Treatment for Schizophrenia
Typical: Reduce positive symptoms (Thorazine, Haldol)
Atypical: Reduce positive and negative symptoms (Abilify)
Antipsychotic Medications
Coping strategies for daily challenges (social interactions, etc)
Psychosocial
Learn how to test the reality of thoughts & perceptions
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)
Typical: Tardive dyskenisia side effect
Atypical: reduce psychotic symptoms also help with despression

16. TED Talk: Elyn Saks- “A Tale of Mental Illness…”
Identify SPECIFIC schizophrenic symptoms Saks experienced.
Explain the treatment Saks received. Which treatments were more effective in her experience?