UNIT XIII - KINGDOM PLANTAE I. INTRODUCTION (p. 502) Plants are placed into groups based on structural and functional similarities, but all plants share the following characteristics: A. Plants are ___________, ____________ organisms, most have ______________________. B. All plant cells have _________ composed of _________. C. Plants are ___________, which means they can use energy from the ____ to make ________ in ______________. Photosynthesis takes place in the ___________ of plant cells. The equation for photosynthesis is _____________________________. D.Plants are ___________; therefore, special adaptations are required for _____________. II. PLANT STRUCTURE & GROWTH (pp. 603 – 608, ) A.Roots - _______ the plant, absorb ______ and _________ from the soil, and transport these materials to the _____. 1.Some plants also store food in their _____. Each root has _________, tiny extensions of epidermal cells that increase _____________ for ________________. 2.Water is absorbed into the plant by the process of _________. 3.There are two kinds of roots: a._______ - a large, main, primary root. Example = ______ & __________ b._______ - branching, secondary roots. Example = _______ eukaryoticmulticellular organs & organ systems cell walls cellulose autotrophic sun glucose photosynthesis chloroplast non-motile reproduction 6 CO 2 + 6H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 anchor water minerals stem roots root hairs surface area water absorption osmosis Taproot carrotdandelion Fibrous grasses

B. Plant Transport Larger plants must have a way to transport ______, ________ and ______. This is carried out by two types of _______. Together the vessels (cells working together) make up a ______ in plants known as vascular tissue. Plants are divided into two groups, based on whether or not they have vascular tissue. 1. Xylem transports ______ & ________ from the roots to the rest of the plant. Water always moves in _____ direction – from the ______  ______  _______ Water evaporates from the plant through opening on the underside of the leaves called ________. 2. Phloem transports ”_____” (_______) from the _______ to the rest of the plant. It carries sugars in _____ directions. Sugar can be carried from where it is made (usually the ______) to where it is stored (usually ______ and ______). watermineralsfood vesselstissue waterminerals one roots stemsleaves stomata foodglucose leaves two leaves rootsstems

4. Vein – ______ + _______ 5. Stomata – Opening in underside of leaf that allows _____ to enter; ___ and ______ to exit. 6. Guard Cells – Control size of ________. Work to preserve balance between allowing for gas exchange without losing too much ______. “Plant sweat” is known as _____________. C. Leaves - are the main organ for ______________. They have a large surface area for maximum ________________. The structures of a leaf include: 1. Cuticle – _____ covering to prevent ___________. 2. Epidermis – Outermost layer of cells; prevents __________________ 3. Mesophyll – _______________ layer of leaf a.________ layer – Upper portion of mesophyll with closely packed cells; site of most ______________. b. _______ layer – Underside of leaf; loosely-packed cells to allow for exchange of _________.photosynthesis light absorption waxy water loss injury or infection Photosynthetic Palisade photosynthesis Spongy CO 2 & O 2 xylem phloem CO 2 O2O2O2O2 water stomata water transpiration

III. PLANT CLASSIFICATION Plants are divided into two basic groups based on whether they contain _________ tissue: A.Non Vascular Plants (pp ) 1.Bryophytes, or _______, are the only group of plants that lack vascular tissue. This limits both the ____ and ________ of this group of plants. Mosses are _____ and typically live in _____ areas. In addition, a moist climate is required because mosses have __________ sperm. The sperm must swim to the ___ cell in order for __________ to take place. vascular mosses sizelocation small moist egg fertilization B. Vascular Plants: 1.Ferns – NO ______, NO______, NO_____ Although ferns contain vascular tissue, they are still found in moist climates because the sperm must _____ to the egg cell. Reproduce by ______. (Sori are a cluster of structures that contain spores) “swimming” pollenseedsfruits swim spores

2.Gymnosperms – Have pollen & seeds, NO _____ a.The word, “gymnosperm” means _____________ because the seed is not protected by a _____. b.A unique characteristic of gymnosperms is the presence of ______. The largest and most common phyla is ________________ which includes __________________. Conifers have characteristic leaves called _______ which are modified to _________________ and ___________________. c.In addition, gymnosperms (and angiosperms) have “flying sperm” ______, so they are no longer tied to ______ for reproduction. “naked seed” fruit cones Conifera (conifers) pines, spruce & cedar needles prevent water loss minimize ice buildup pollen water fruit

3. Angiosperms – Have pollen, seeds, and fruit Angiosperms are the most _________ and _________of all plant groups. They are also the most successful due to two important modifications: a. Fruit - A fruit is a mature ______ that contains one or more seeds. It provides the embryo with greater __________ than found in gymnosperm seeds. The fruit also increases seed dispersal because fruits are eaten by _________, seeds pass through _____________ and are ___________. Some fruits are not intended to be _______. b. Flower - The flower is the reproductive system of the angiosperm. It enhances ___________, which occurs as a first step to fertilization. 1.The male reproductive organ is the ________, which consists of the ________and _________. Pollen, is produced by the anther and contains the ____________. ovary protection animals digestive tract eliminated edible pollination stamen anther filament sperm cells complex adaptive

1.Petal 2.Filament 3.Anther 4.Stigma 5.Style 6.Ovary 7.Ovule 8.Pistil/Carpel **#2 & #3 together make up the stamen (male part of flower) 1.The female reproductive organ is the ______which consists of the sticky top called the _______, a neck called the _____ and a base called the _____. The ovary contains the female gametes - ____ or ______. During ___________, pollen is transferred from the ________ to the stigma. When a pollen grain lands on a stigma, it sends out a ____________ that grows through the style to the ______. Ovule fertilized by _______. pistilstigma style ovary egg pollen tube ovules sperm pollination ovary anther

IV. PLANT HORMONES AND RESPONSE – (pp. 648 – 651) A hormone is a chemical substance that is produced in one part of an organism and affects another part of the same individual. Plant hormones are chemical substances that control a plant’s patterns of ________ and ______________, and the plants _________ to environmental conditions. A. Tropism- response of a plant to an environmental __________ 1. Phototropism - is the tendency of a plant to grow toward a source of _____. This process uses a hormone known as ______. Auxin is produced in the apical meristem and is transported downward into the rest of the plant. Auxin production increases in the shaded part of the stem and it stimulates ______________. This causes the dark side of the stem to elongate, resulting in the stem to bend away from the shade and _______________. growthdevelopment responses stimulus light auxin cell elongation toward the light

2. Gravitropism - plant’s response to ________. This assures that roots grow down and stems grow up. _______ is also the hormone responsible for gravitropism. 3.Thigmotropism - plant’s response to ______. This allows a plant to grow on a surface that can support it. Whenever the stem touches the support, the cells on the opposite side of the stem grow longer, causing the stem to _____ around or grasp a hold of the support.gravity Auxin touch coil