Cancer Research Saves Lives Cancer Research Saves Lives What stats stand out to you? What stats stand out to you? Teolomeres & Death Cell (6:20) B1sIyEI Teolomeres & Death Cell (6:20) B1sIyEI B1sIyEI B1sIyEI The Science of Aging (2:05) bx5rSzw The Science of Aging (2:05) bx5rSzw bx5rSzw bx5rSzw

Cancer: What is it? Intro videoclip Intro videoclip Out of control cell growth Normal cells die out Cancer cells create more cancer cells

What controls Cell growth? There are 2 factors that control cell growth: CDK & Cyclin CDK & Cyclin Apoptosis=cell destruction if error detected (kills self)

Causes of Cancer-Theories of Cancer 1)growth controllers are mutated and create cancer genes 2) tumor suppressor gene turned off 3) Environmental factors/mutations 4) Viruses

Male Cancer Death Rates Male Cancer Death Rates

Cancer Death Rates, for Women *Age-adjusted to the 2000 US standard population. Source: US Mortality Public Use Data Tapes , US Mortality Volumes , National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lung Colon & rectum Uterus Stomach Breast Ovary Pancreas Rate Per 100,000

Lifetime Probability of Developing Cancer, Men, US, Source: DevCan: Probability of Developing or Dying of Cancer Software, Version 5.1 Statistical Research and Applications Branch, NCI, All sites 1 in 2 Cancer

What is the molecular basis of cancer? What is the molecular basis of cancer? –Cancer is a genetic disease. Mutations in genes result in altered proteins – –During cell division – –External agents – –Random event Most cancers result from mutations in somatic cells Some cancers are caused by mutations in germline cells

Viral causes of Cancer

Cancer Cell Growth…clip Cancer Cell Growth…clip #1 Cancer Cell Growth…clip Normal CellsCancer Cells Flat morphology rounded, globular Flat morphology rounded, globular Monolayer form a clump (focus) Monolayer form a clump (focus) Contact inhibition no contact inhibition Contact inhibition no contact inhibition Contact Inhibition is the ability for a cell to cease to replicate/divide upon contact with neighboring cells (kidney cells stay in kidney) Contact Inhibition is the ability for a cell to cease to replicate/divide upon contact with neighboring cells (kidney cells stay in kidney)

Selfie of Tanning Bed Results

Cancer growth animation Man lost face to cancer

Cancer Vocab Invasive: Invasive: pushes into surrounding normal tissue Metastasis: Metastasis: Metastasis: Cells carried by blood/lymph to other parts of the body Carcinogen: Carcinogen: Cancer causing agent (smoking, alcohol, processed foods. Nicotine, steroids, radiation, UV rays)

BENIGN TUMORSBENIGN TUMORS 2 nd clip 2 nd clip BENIGN TUMORS2 nd clip Usually no serious health problems Usually no serious health problems Slow growing Slow growing Non invasive Non invasive No metastasis No metastasis Some order to tissue Some order to tissue Largest intact tumor: Kg (303 lbs) Largest intact tumor: Kg (303 lbs) Jonathan Dunder

Malignant Tumors Serious health problems Serious health problems Rapid growth Rapid growth Invasive Invasive Metastasis Metastasis Disorder to tissue Disorder to tissue Jonathan Dunder

Types of Cancer Named for area of origination Carcinoma – epithelial cells Carcinoma – epithelial cells Melanoma – pigment producing cells Melanoma – pigment producing cells Lymphoma – lymphatic tissue Lymphoma – lymphatic tissue Sarcoma – connective tissue Sarcoma – connective tissue Leukemia – blood/bone marrow Leukemia – blood/bone marrow

Skin Cancer in Cancerin Cancer How to avoid skin cancer How to avoid skin cancer How to avoid skin cancer How to avoid skin cancer How to identify Melanoma: How to identify Melanoma: A = assymetry A = assymetry B = border B = border C = color C = color D = diameter D = diameter E = evolution/change E = evolution/change

Symptoms of Cancer Lumps – non-tender, irregular shape Lumps – non-tender, irregular shape Changes in a wart or mole Changes in a wart or mole Sores that do not heal Sores that do not heal Nagging cough or hoarseness Nagging cough or hoarseness Changes in bowel or bladder habits Changes in bowel or bladder habits Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing Unexplained rapid weight changes Unexplained rapid weight changes Unusual bleeding or discharge Unusual bleeding or discharge NON SPECIFIC!

Diagnosis of Cancer Medical History Medical History Physical exam Physical exam Lab tests Lab tests –blood, urine, biopsy, prostate specific antigen Imaging Procedures Imaging Procedures –X-ray, CT, MRI

Risk Factors of Cancer Heredity Heredity Age – Increases with age Age – Increases with age Habits – tobacco, alcohol, drugs Habits – tobacco, alcohol, drugs UV radiation – Sun UV radiation – Sun Chemical Exposure Chemical Exposure Diet Diet

Cancer Treatments Surgery - Surgery - #1 treatment Usually followed by radiation and /or chemotherapy Removal of tumor by knife

Radiation (cancer treatment) Usually used after surgery to insure the removal of all cancer growth Can be done either internally or outside the body

Radiation Exposure to ionizing radiation Exposure to ionizing radiation Movement of electrons Movement of electrons Radioactive atoms such as gamma rays are used to irradiate cells Radioactive atoms such as gamma rays are used to irradiate cells Xrays irradiate cells Xrays irradiate cells Bad cells are more susceptible than good cells Bad cells are more susceptible than good cells

Chemotherapy (treatment) Chemotherapy (treatment) Usually used after surgery to insure the removal of all cancer growth Usually used after surgery to insure the removal of all cancer growth Chemicals or drugs are used to kill those cells that have left the original tumor (oral or injected) Chemicals or drugs are used to kill those cells that have left the original tumor (oral or injected)

Ted ed video – summaryTed ed video – summary…4 min Ted ed video – summary

New Discovery this year 2010 Cancer stem cells Cancer stem cells Recreate cancer cells even after chemo and radiation? Recreate cancer cells even after chemo and radiation?

Immunotherapy (treatment) Kills cancer cells by using chemicals such as interferon that are naturally in our bodies to help stimulate our immune system to fight cancer Kills cancer cells by using chemicals such as interferon that are naturally in our bodies to help stimulate our immune system to fight cancer

Vaccine (cancer treatment) Stimulates the immune system by injection Stimulates the immune system by injection

Hormone Treatment (cancer treatment) Works to reduce the amount of hormones produced in the body which increases the rate at which cancers spread Works to reduce the amount of hormones produced in the body which increases the rate at which cancers spread Specifically reduces breast, prostate, uterine cancers Specifically reduces breast, prostate, uterine cancers

Bone Marrow Transplant Must replace bone marrow through new stem cells Must replace bone marrow through new stem cells Stem cells will make new red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets as needed Stem cells will make new red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets as needed

Gene Therapy

Food Therapy current research…11min on own Treatment summary…5 min current research Treatment summary…5 min current research Treatment summary…5 min

What causes % of cancers? Diet Diet To reduce cancer risk: To reduce cancer risk: Eat fruits, veggies, and whole grains Eat fruits, veggies, and whole grains

Stage Grouping (the degree to which the tumor has penetrated the tissue

Cancer Stages Cancer Stages (1:11) … Cancer Stages Stage 0 = confined to area in which it started Stage 0 = confined to area in which it started Stage 1 = small tumor without penetration into surrounding tissue Stage 1 = small tumor without penetration into surrounding tissue Stage 2 = tumor has penetrated into surrounding tissue (like muscle) Stage 2 = tumor has penetrated into surrounding tissue (like muscle) Stage 3 = tumor has spread to lymph nodes Stage 3 = tumor has spread to lymph nodes Stage 4 = tumor has spread past original area and lymph nodes to other organs Stage 4 = tumor has spread past original area and lymph nodes to other organs

Survival Rates (10 year survival rate after diagnosis) Stage 1 = 85% - 90% Stage 1 = 85% - 90% Stage 2 = 60% Stage 2 = 60% Stage 3 = 25% Stage 3 = 25% Stage 4 = 10% survive 3 years after diagnosis Stage 4 = 10% survive 3 years after diagnosis

Do cell phones cause cancer? Do cell phones cause cancer? 7 min 7 min Why haven’t we found a cure for cancer? 8:30 Why haven’t we found a cure for cancer? 8:30 Why haven’t we found a cure for cancer? Why haven’t we found a cure for cancer?